Abstract Although research has generated a wealth of information on cultural influences emotion judgements, the we have to date is limited in several ways. This study extends this literature two ways, first by obtaining judgements from people cultures expressions portrayed at different intensity levels, and second incorporating individual level measures culture examine their contribution observed differences. When judging categories low expressions, American Japanese judges see intended...

To achieve a goal, animals procure immediately available rewards, escape from aversive events, or endure the absence of rewards. The neuronal substrates for these goal-directed actions include limbic system and basal ganglia. In striatum, tonically active neurons (TANs), presumed cholinergic interneurons, were originally shown to respond reward-associated stimuli evolve their activity through learning. Subsequent studies revealed that they also event-associated such as an airpuff on face are...

Experimental economic techniques have been widely used to evaluate human risk attitudes, but how these measured attitudes relate overall individual wealth levels is unclear. Previous noneconomic work has addressed this uncertainty in animals by asking the following: (i) Do our close evolutionary relatives share both and degree of rationality? And (ii) does amount food or water one holds (a nonpecuniary form "wealth") alter choosers? Unfortunately, existing studies provided conflicting...

Normalization is a common cortical computation widely observed in sensory perception, but its importance perception of reward value and decision making remains largely unknown. We examined (1) whether normalized signals occur the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (2) changes behavioral task context influence representation value. record medial OFC (mOFC) single neuron activity awake-behaving monkeys during reward-guided lottery task. mOFC neurons signal relative values options via divisive...

Animal behavior is regulated based on the values of future rewards. The phasic activity midbrain dopamine neurons signals these values. Because reward often change over time, even a subsecond-by-subsecond basis, appropriate behavioral regulation requires continuous value monitoring. However, activity, which sporadic and has short duration, likely fails Here, we demonstrate tonic firing mode that effectively tracks changing We recorded neuron in monkeys during Pavlovian procedure cued...

Neural dynamics are thought to reflect computations that relay and transform information in the brain. Previous studies have identified neural population many individual brain regions as a trajectory geometry, preserving common computational motif. However, whether these populations share particular geometric patterns across brain-wide remains unclear. Here, by mapping widely temporal/frontal/limbic cortical subcortical structures of monkeys, we show 10 populations, including 2,500 neurons,...

The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) has been used to detect processing deficits in patients with psychiatric disorders. However, the methodology of ASSR recording from brain surface not standardized preclinical studies, limiting its use as a translational biomarker. sites maximal humans are vertex and/or middle frontal area, although it suggested that cortex is source ASSR. We constructed and validated novel methods for using switchable pedestal which allows alternatively temporal or...

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to reveal the visual information from face utilized for categorization of its expression emotions. In Experiment 1 subjects produced six schematic faces expressing basic emotions by using a computer graphics system. By series factor analyses on variables displacements feature points deforming neutral produce expressional ones, two factors ‘curvedness/openness’ and ‘slantedness’ facial elements obtained. 2 another group made category judgements 72 total...

Previous judgment studies of facial expressions emotion in context have provided mixed results. This article clarifies and extends this literature by testing judgments across cultures using novel methodologies that examine both face effects. Two involving observers from three evidence for effects cultural differences both. Japanese South Korean were more influenced than Americans, these mediated personality traits. The results a nuanced view how culture moderate faces existed the judgments,...

Behavioral decisions and actions are directed to achieve specific goals obtain rewards escape punishments. Previous studies involving the recording of neuronal activity suggest involvement cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, midbrain dopamine system in these processes. The value signal action options is represented striatum, updated by reward prediction errors, used for selecting higher-value actions. However, it remains unclear whether dysfunction striatum leads impairment value-based...

Inhibitory interneurons are the fundamental constituents of neural circuits that organize network outputs. The striatum as part basal ganglia is involved in reward-directed behaviors. However, role inhibitory this process remains unclear, especially behaving monkeys. We recorded striatal single neuron activity while monkeys performed hand or eye movements. Presumed parvalbumin-containing GABAergic (fast-spiking neurons, FSNs) were identified based on narrow spike shapes three independent...

When we make economic choices, the brain first evaluates available options and then decides whether to choose them. Midbrain dopamine neurons are known reinforce choices through their signal evoked by outcomes after decisions made. However, although critical internal processing is executed while being made, little about role of during this period. We found that exhibited dynamically changing signals related rhesus monkeys were making decisions. These encoded value an option immediately it...

Computation of expected values (i.e., probability × magnitude) seems to be a dynamic integrative process performed by the brain for efficient economic behavior. However, neural dynamics underlying this computation is largely unknown. Using lottery tasks in monkeys (Macaca mulatta, male; Macaca fuscata, female), we examined (1) whether four core reward-related regions detect and integrate magnitude cued numerical symbols (2) these have distinct process. Extraction mechanistic structure...

Research in the multidisciplinary field of neuroeconomics has mainly been driven by two influential theories regarding human economic choice: prospect theory, which describes decision-making under risk, and reinforcement learning for decision-making. We hypothesized that these distinct guide a comprehensive manner. Here, we propose test theory uncertainty combines highly theories. Collecting many gambling decisions from laboratory monkeys allowed reliable testing our model revealed...

Abstract Groups of social organisms in nature are resilient systems that can overcome unpredicted threats by helping its members. These assumed to behave both autonomously and cooperatively as individuals, the helper, helped other part a group depending on context such emergencies. However, structure function these actions, how helpers help colleagues helper’s action is effective at multiple subsystem scales remain unclear. Here we investigated behaviour organised efficient small human...

Prospect theory, arguably the most prominent theory of choice, is an obvious candidate for neural valuation models. How activity individual neurons, a possible computational unit, obeys prospect remains unknown. Here, we show, with theoretical accuracy equivalent to that human neuroimaging studies, single-neuron in four core reward-related cortical and subcortical regions represents subjective risky gambles monkeys. The neurons monkeys passively viewing lottery reflects desirability...

To study roles of cortico-basal ganglia loops in action planning, we examined interactions between the activities simultaneously recorded neurons striatum monkeys performing sequence motor tasks by cross-correlation analysis. Serial activation occurred projection a sequence-dependent manner, and was direction neuron encoding an early event to same or later, but closer reward. Synchronous pairs interneurons. The serial seems originate through loops, because are inhibitory. We propose that...

Decisions maximizing benefits involve a tradeoff between the quantity of reward and cost elapsed time until an animal receives it. The estimation long-term values is critical to attain most desirable outcomes over certain period time. Reinforcement learning theories have established algorithms estimate multiple future rewards in which are discounted as function how many steps choices necessary achieve them. Here, we report that presumed striatal projection neurons represent estimated by...