Two studies explored the role of implicit theories intelligence in adolescents' mathematics achievement. In Study 1 with 373 7th graders, belief that is malleable (incremental theory) predicted an upward trajectory grades over two years junior high school, while a fixed (entity flat trajectory. A mediational model including learning goals, positive beliefs about effort, and causal attributions strategies was tested. 2, intervention teaching incremental theory to graders ( N =48) promoted...

Four studies examined the construct validity of two global self-esteem measures. In Studies 1 through 3, Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISE) and Rosenberg (RSE) showed strong convergent for men women, different ethnic groups, both college students community members. The SISE RSE had nearly identical correlations with a wide range criterion measures, including domain-specific self-evaluations, self-evaluative biases, social desirability, personality, psychological physical health, peer...

The present research explored the controversial link between global self-esteem and externalizing problems such as aggression, antisocial behavior, delinquency. In three studies, we found a robust relation low problems. This held for measures of based on self-report, teachers' ratings, parents' participants from different nationalities (United States New Zealand) age groups (adolescents college students). Moreover, this both cross-sectionally longitudinally after controlling potential...

Using prospective data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study birth cohort, authors found that adolescents with low self-esteem had poorer mental physical health, worse economic prospects, higher levels of criminal behavior during adulthood, compared high self-esteem. The long-term consequences could not be explained by adolescent depression, gender, or socioeconomic status. Moreover, findings held when outcome variables were assessed using objective measures...

The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is a widely used measure of narcissism. However, debates persist about its exact factor structure with researchers proposing solutions ranging from two to seven factors. present research aimed clarify the NPI and further illuminate nomological network. Four studies provided support for three-factor model consisting dimensions Leadership/Authority, Grandiose Exhibitionism, Entitlement/Exploitativeness. Leadership/Authority dimension was generally...

This study provides a comprehensive picture of age differences in self-esteem from 9 to 90 years using cross-sectional data collected 326,641 individuals over the Internet. Self-esteem levels were high childhood, dropped during adolescence, rose gradually throughout adulthood, and declined sharply old age. trajectory generally held across gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, nationality (U.S. citizens vs. non-U.S. citizens). Overall, these findings support previous research, help clarify...

Two studies examined the rank-order stability of self-esteem from age 6 to 83: Study 1 was a meta-analysis 50 published articles (N = 29,839) and 2 analyzed data 4 large national 74,381). Self-esteem showed substantial continuity over time (disattenuated correlations ranged .50s .70s), comparable found for personality traits. Both provided evidence robust developmental trend: low during childhood, increased throughout adolescence young adulthood, declined midlife old age. This trend could...

After decades of debate, a consensus is emerging about the way self-esteem develops across lifespan. On average, relatively high in childhood, drops during adolescence (particularly for girls), rises gradually throughout adulthood, and then declines sharply old age. Despite these general age differences, individuals tend to maintain their ordering relative one another: Individuals who have at point time years later. This type stability (i.e., rank-order stability) somewhat lower childhood...

The present research examined personality continuity and change in a sample of young men women assessed at the beginning end college. Two‐hundred seventy students completed measures Big Five traits when they first entered college then four years later. Analyses indicate small‐ to medium‐sized normative (i.e., mean‐level) changes, large rank‐order stability correlations, high levels structure, moderate ipsative (i.e. profile) stability. Overall, findings are consistent with perspective that...

Abstract Suppressor situations occur when the simultaneous inclusion of two predictors improves one or both validities. A common allegation is that suppressor effects rarely replicate and have little substantive import. We present examples from established research domains to counter this skepticism. In first domain, we show how measures guilt shame act consistently as mutual suppressors: Adding into a regression equation increases negative association between aggression, whereas adding...

OBJECTIVE. It has been shown that bullying victimization is associated with behavior and school adjustment problems, but it remains unclear whether the experience of uniquely contributes to those problems after taking into account preexisting problems. METHODS. We examined in Environmental Risk Study, a nationally representative 1994–1995 birth cohort 2232 children. identified children who experienced between ages 5 7 years either as pure victims or bully/victims. collected reports from...

The authors examined the development of self-esteem from young adulthood to old age. Data came Americans' Changing Lives study, which includes 4 assessments across a 16-year period nationally representative sample 3,617 individuals aged 25 years 104 years. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that follows quadratic trajectory adult life span, increasing during and middle adulthood, reaching peak at about age 60 years, then declining in No cohort differences were found. Women had lower than...

Do individuals with high self-esteem enjoy positive interpersonal relationships, or are they aggressive and antisocial? Does narcissism reflect an abundance of self-worth, inflated self-views driven by overcompensation for low self-esteem? The present research addresses the apparently two-sided nature distinguishing between two distinct self-regulatory processes (narcissistic self-aggrandizement genuine self-esteem), proposing that facets pride—authentic hubristic—form affective core each....

The belief that personality is fixed (an entity theory of personality) can give rise to negative reactions social adversities. Three studies showed when adversity common-at the transition high school--an affect overall stress, health, and achievement. Study 1 an personality, measured during 1st month 9th grade, predicted more immediate and, at end year, greater poorer lower grades in school. Studies 2 3, both experiments, tested a brief intervention taught malleable (incremental)...

Adolescents are often resistant to interventions that reduce aggression in children. At the same time, they developing stronger beliefs fixed nature of personal characteristics, particularly aggression. The present intervention addressed these beliefs. A randomized field experiment with a diverse sample Grades 9 and 10 students (ages 14-16, n = 230) tested impact 6-session taught an incremental theory (a belief potential for change). Compared no-treatment coping skills control groups, group...

Four studies showed that beliefs about whether groups have a malleable versus fixed nature affected intergroup attitudes and willingness to compromise for peace. Using nationwide sample (N = 500) of Israeli Jews, the first study belief were predicted positive toward Palestinians, which in turn compromise. In remaining three studies, experimentally inducing among Jews 76), Palestinian citizens Israel 59), Palestinians West Bank 53)--without mentioning adversary--led more outgroup and, turn, increased

Data from two large longitudinal studies were used to analyze reciprocal relations between self-esteem and depressive symptoms across the adult life span. Study 1 included 1,685 participants aged 18 96 years assessed 4 times over a 9-year period. 2 2,479 88 3 4-year In both studies, cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that low predicted subsequent symptoms, but did not predict levels of self-esteem. This pattern results replicated all age groups, for affective-cognitive somatic...

Religious believers intuitively conceptualize deities as intentional agents with mental states who anticipate and respond to human beliefs, desires concerns. It follows that mentalizing deficits, associated the autistic spectrum also commonly found in men more than women, may undermine this intuitive support reduce belief a personal God. Autistic adolescents expressed less God did matched neuro-typical controls (Study 1). In Canadian student sample 2), two American national samples...

Previous studies have reported, but not explained, the reason for a robust association between reading achievement and antisocial behavior. This was investigated using Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, nationally representative 1994-1995 birth cohort of 5- 7-year-olds. Results showed that resulted primarily from environmental factors common to both behavior stronger in boys. also explained relation disability conduct disorder. Leading candidate risk weakly mediated...

Why do some adolescents respond to interpersonal conflicts vengefully, whereas others seek more positive solutions? Three studies investigated the role of implicit theories personality in predicting violent or vengeful responses peer among Grades 9 and 10. They showed that a greater belief traits are fixed (an entity theory) predicted stronger desire for revenge after variety recalled (Study 1) hypothetical conflict specifically involved bullying 2). Study 3 experimentally induced potential...

ABSTRACT In this commentary, we identify several methodological and conceptual issues that undermine Twenge, Konrath, Foster, Campbell, Bushman's (this issue) claim narcissism levels have been rising over the past few decades. Specifically, discuss (a) limitations of convenience samples for making inferences about generational differences, (b) our failure to replicate other cross‐temporal meta‐analytic findings using data from a nationally representative sample, (c) surrounding...

Abstract How much do we think our personality changes over time? well perceptions of change correspond with actual change? Two hundred and ninety students completed measures the Big Five traits when they first entered college. Four years later, same rated degree to which believed had changed on each dimension. Participants tended view themselves as having substantially, showed some correspondence change. Perceived theoretically meaningful correlations a host variables related different...

The present research investigated secular trends in narcissism and self-enhancement over the past three decades. Despite recent claims about impact of "self-esteem movement" on current generation young people, we found no evidence that college students' scores Narcissistic Personality Inventory increased from 1980s through 2007 (N= 26,867), although did find small changes specific facets narcissism. Similarly, high school level self-enhancement, defined by discrepancy between their perceived...