Summary The rhythmic opening/closing and volatile emissions of flowers are known to attract pollinators at specific times. That these rhythms maintained under constant light or dark conditions suggests a circadian clock involvement. Although forward reverse genetic approach has led the identification core components in Arabidopsis thaliana , involvement floral remained untested, probably because weak diurnal A. flowers. Here, we addressed role wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata whose open...

Abstract Plants emit volatile blends specific to particular herbivore interactions, which predators and parasitoids learn associate with prey, increasing mortality thereby plant fitness in a phenomenon termed indirect defence. Herbivore‐induced commonly include both rapid, transient green leaf volatiles ( GLV s) delayed, enduring sesquiterpenes. A few laboratory studies indicate that insects can use time behaviour, but it is not known whether how the temporal dynamics of influence their...

Ranunculus trichophyllus is an amphibious plant that produces thin and cylindrical leaves if grown under water but thick broad on land. We found such heterophylly widely controlled by two hormones, abscisic acid (ABA) ethylene, which control terrestrial aquatic leaf development respectively. Aquatic produced higher levels of ethylene lower ABA than leaves. In leaves, their distinct traits with narrow shape, lack stomata, reduced vessel were caused EIN3-mediated overactivation abaxial genes,...

Plants have developed tissue-specific defense strategies in response to various herbivores with different feeding habits. Although responses leaf-chewing insects been well studied, little is known about stem-specific responses, particularly the pith, stem-boring herbivores. To understand defense, we first conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata before and after attack by herbivore Manduca sexta stem borer Trichobaris mucorea. When attacked,...

Herbivore attack is known to elicit systemic defense responses that spread throughout the host plant and influence performance of other herbivores. While these plant-mediated indirect competitive interactions are well described, co-existence herbivores from different feeding guilds common, mechanisms poorly understood. In both field glasshouse experiments with a native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, we found no evidence negative when plants were simultaneously attacked by two spatially...

The jasmonate (JA) phytohormone signaling system is an important mediator of plant defense against herbivores. Plants deficient in JA are more susceptible to herbivory as a result deficiencies defensive trait expression. Recent studies have implicated the circadian clock regulating JA-mediated defenses, but molecular mechanisms linking unclear. Here, we report that wild tobacco (

Abstract Ecological interactions between flowers and pollinators are all about timing. Flower opening/closing scent emissions largely synchronized with pollinator activity, a circadian clock regulates these rhythms. However, whether the increases plant's reproductive success by regulating floral rhythms remains untested. Flowers of Nicotiana attenuata, wild tobacco, diurnally rhythmically open, emit move vertically through 140° arc to interact nocturnal hawkmoths. We tethered evaluate...

The timing of plant volatile emissions is important for a robust indirect defense response. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are emitted by plants upon damage but can be suppressed herbivore-associated elicitors, and the abundance composition GLVs vary depending on herbivore attack. We show that GLV biosynthetic enzyme HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE (HPL) transcriptionally regulated circadian clock in Nicotiana attenuata. In accordance with transcript NaHPL, aldehyde pools intact leaves peaked at night...

Plants are attacked by herbivores, which often specialize on different tissues, and in response, have evolved sophisticated resistance strategies that involve types of chemical defenses frequently targeted to tissues. Most known phytohormones been implicated regulating these defenses, with jasmonates (JAs) playing a pivotal role complex regulatory networks signaling interactions, generically referred as "cross talk." The newly identified class phytohormones, strigolactones (SLs), regulate...

The circadian clock is known to increase plant growth and fitness, thought prepare plants for photosynthesis at dawn dusk; whether this happens in nature was unknown. We transformed the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata silence two core components, NaLHY (irLHY) NaTOC1 (irTOC1). characterized light- dark-adapted photosynthetic rates (Ac ) throughout a 24 h day empty vector-transformed (EV), irLHY, irTOC1 field, NaPhyA- NaPhyB1-silenced glasshouse. of irLHY were lower than those EV field....

Abstract The carbon sequestration capacity of plants has been used as a nature-based solution to reduce emissions. Perennial herbs potentially contribute by allocating belowground parts well trees. As individual-level estimations have mainly carried out for tree species, understory perennial herb species is poorly understood. To estimate the below- and aboveground capacity, ten were planted field experiment. Individual biomass was calculated measuring aboveground- estimating gain at harvest....

Abstract Lemna perpusilla and minor are free‐floating plants that often live in the same habitat. However, little is known about how they differ response to herbivore attacks. In this study, we examined species‐specific resistance of two species duckweed weevil, Tanysphyrus lemnae . The female adults T. preferred lay eggs on L. over addition, larvae performed better when fed than To understand physiological basis species, measured amounts jasmonic acid (JA), phytosterols, flavonoids. Attacks...

Herbivorous insects use plant metabolites to inform their host selection for oviposition. These host-selection behaviours are often consistent with the preference-performance hypothesis; females oviposit on hosts that maximize performance of offspring. However, used these oviposition choices and those responsible differences in offspring remain unknown ecologically relevant interactions. Here, we examined two sympatric weevils, Datura (Trichobaris compacta) tobacco (T. mucorea) weevils field...

Arabidopsis thaliana plants are less resistant to attack by the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Trichoplusia ni when and herbivores entrained opposite, versus identical diurnal cycles tested under constant conditions. This effect is associated with circadian fluctuations in levels of jasmonic acid, transcription factor MYC2, glucosinolate contents leaves. We whether a similar could be observed different plant-herbivore system: wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata its co-evolved specialist...

Abstract Background Preingestive behavioral modulations of herbivorous insects on the host plant are abundant over insect taxa. Those behaviors suspected to have functions such as deactivation defenses, nutrient accumulation, or modulating plant-mediated herbivore interactions. To understand functional consequence modulation herbivore, we studied girdling behavior Phytoecia rufiventris Gautier (Lamiinae; Cerambycidae) its Erigeron annuus L. (Asteraceae) that is performed before endophytic...

The cycle of seasonal dormancy perennating buds is an essential adaptation perennial plants to unfavorable winter conditions. Plant hormones are key regulators this critical biological process, which intricately connected with diverse internal and external factors. Recently, global warming has increased the frequency aberrant temperature events that negatively affect perennials. Although many studies have been conducted on organs Panax ginseng, molecular aspects bud in species remain largely...

Plants need to balance investments in growth and defense throughout their life increase fitness. To optimize fitness, levels of against herbivores perennial plants may vary according plant age season. However, secondary metabolites often have a detrimental effect on generalist herbivores, while many specialists developed resistance them. Therefore, varying defensive depending season different effects the performance specialist colonizing same host plants. In this study, we analyzed...

Summary The circadian clock contextualizes plant responses to environmental signals. Plants use temporal information respond herbivory, but many of the functional roles components in these responses, and their contribution fitness, remain unknown. We investigate role central regulator TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1) Nicotiana attenuata 's defense specialist herbivore Manduca sexta under both field glasshouse conditions. utilize 15 N pulse‐labeling quantify nitrogen incorporation into pools...