Ocular dominance plasticity is easily observed during the critical period in early postnatal life. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) most abundant component extracellular structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs), which surround parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-cells). CS accumulates PNNs at period, but its function earlier life unclear. Here, we show that initiation of ocular was impaired with reduced CS, using mice lacking a key CS-synthesizing enzyme, CSGalNAcT1. Two-photon vivo imaging...

The primary auditory cortex (AI) is the representative recipient of information from ears in mammalian cortex. However, delineation AI still controversial a mouse. Recently, it was reported, using optical imaging, that two distinct areas AI, located ventrally and dorsally, are activated by high-frequency tones, whereas only one area low-frequency tones. Here, we show dorsal an independent region separated rest AI. We could visualize flavoprotein fluorescence as reported previously. SMI-32...

Optical imaging studies have recently revealed the presence of multiple auditory cortical regions in mouse brain. We previously demonstrated, using flavoprotein fluorescence imaging, at least six cortex, including anterior field (AAF), primary cortex (AI), secondary (AII), dorsoanterior (DA), dorsomedial (DM), and dorsoposterior (DP). While visual somatosensory been annotated consolidated recent brain atlases, not yet presented from a coronal view. In current study, we obtained regional...

Auditory processing in the cerebral cortex is considered to begin with thalamocortical inputs layer 4 (L4) of primary auditory (A1). In this canonical model, A1 L4 initiate a hierarchical cascade, higher-order cortices receiving pre-processed information for slower integration complex sounds. Here, we identify alternative ascending pathways mice that bypass and directly reach multiple layers secondary (A2), indicating parallel activation these areas alongside sequential processing. We found...

Abstract Detecting the direction of frequency modulation (FM) is essential for vocal communication in both animals and humans. Direction-selective firing neurons primary auditory cortex (A1) has been classically attributed to temporal offsets between feedforward excitatory inhibitory inputs. However, it remains unclear how cortical recurrent circuitry contributes this computation. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging whole-cell recordings awake mice demonstrate that selectivity not...

Mice navigate nearby space using their vision and whiskers, young mice learn to integrate these heterogeneous inputs in perceptual space. We found that cortical responses were depressed the primary visual cortex of after wearing a monocular prism. This depression was uniformly observed eliminated by whisker trimming or lesions posterior parietal cortex. Compensatory map shifts elicited via eye had worn prism also observed. As result, each clearly separated when stimulus placed front mice. A...

Species-specific vocalizations in mice have frequency-modulated (FM) components slower than the lower limit of FM direction selectivity core region mouse auditory cortex. To identify cortical areas selective to slow frequency modulation, we investigated tonal responses cortex using transcranial flavoprotein fluorescence imaging. For differentiating modulation from those stimuli at constant frequencies, focused on transient changes after reversal temporally repeated and superimposed sweeps....

Abstract Recent studies have examined the feedback pathway from amygdala to auditory cortex in conjunction with feedforward amygdala. However, these connections not been fully characterized. Here, visualize comprehensive connectivity between and amygdala, we injected cholera toxin subunit b (CTB), a bidirectional tracer, into multiple subfields mouse after identifying location of using flavoprotein fluorescence imaging. After injecting CTB secondary field (A2), found densely innervated...

We investigated precise projection patterns from the ventral division of medial geniculate body (MGv) projecting to core region auditory cortex in C57BL/6 mice. The mice comprises two different tonotopically organized areas, anterior field (AAF) and primary (AI). In present study, AAF AI were functionally identified using flavoprotein fluorescence imaging. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected iontophoretically into tonotopic bands 5kHz 20kHz AAF, those 5kHz, 10kHz, for staining MGv...

Although temporal information processing is important in auditory perception, the mechanisms for coding tonal offsets are unknown. We investigated cortical responses elicited at offset of stimuli using flavoprotein fluorescence imaging mice. Off-responses were clearly observed lasting 7 s, but not after 1 s. to short appeared a similar region, when conditioning 5-20 s preceded stimuli. MK-801, an inhibitor NMDA receptors, suppressed two types off-responses, suggesting that disinhibition...

Tonotopy is an essential functional organization in the mammalian auditory cortex, and its source primary cortex (A1) incoming frequency-related topographical projections from ventral division of medial geniculate body (MGv). However, circuits that relay this to higher-order regions such as secondary field (A2) have yet be identified. Here, we discovered a new pathway projects directly MGv A2 mice. was established even when fields including A1 were removed, which indicates tonotopy can...

Abstract The visual cortex of mice is a useful model for investigating the mammalian system. In primates, higher areas are classified into two parts, dorsal stream (“where” pathway) and ventral (“what” pathway). known to include part temporal cortex. mice, however, some cortical adjacent primary area (V1) in occipital thought be comparable although whole picture mouse has never been elucidated. We performed wide-field Ca 2+ imaging awake investigate responses cortex, found that postrhinal...

Abstract Clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) comprising cP cdh‐α, ‐β, and ‐γ, encode a large family of cadherin‐like cell‐adhesion molecules specific to neurons. Impairment cdh‐α results in abnormal neuronal projection patterns brain areas. To elucidate the role retinogeniculate projections, we investigated morphological terminals lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus mice with impaired cdh‐α. We found huge aggregated dorsal LG nucleus, whereas no such derived from retina were observed olivary...

Abstract Integration of multi-frequency sounds into a unified perceptual object is critical for recognizing syllables in speech. This “feature binding” relies on the precise synchrony each component’s onset timing, but little known regarding its neural correlates. We find that prevalent vocalizations, specifically harmonics, preferentially activate mouse secondary auditory cortex (A2), whose response deteriorates with shifts component timings. The temporal window harmonics integration A2 was...

Understanding computational principles in hierarchically organized sensory systems requires functional parcellation of brain structures and their precise targeting for manipulations. Although atlases are widely used to infer area locations the mouse neocortex, it has been unclear whether stereotaxic coordinates based on standardized morphology accurately represent domains individual animals. Here, we intrinsic signal imaging evaluate accuracy delineation atlas by mapping...

Abstract Feedback regulation from the higher association areas is thought to control primary sensory cortex, contribute cortical processing of information, and work for cognitive functions such as multimodal integration attentional control. However, little known about underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we show that posterior parietal cortex ( PPC ) persistently inhibits activity visual (V1) in mice. Activation causes suppression responses V1 induces short‐term depression, which specific...

Abstract Habituation is a crucial sensory filtering mechanism whose dysregulation can lead to continuously intense world in disorders with overload. While habituation considered require top-down predictive signaling suppress irrelevant inputs, the exact brain loci storing internal model and circuit mechanisms of remain unclear. We found that daily neural primary auditory cortex (A1) was reversed by inactivation orbitofrontal (OFC). Top-down projections from ventrolateral OFC, but not other...

Abstract Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) are neuronal cell adhesion molecules characterized by homophilic between the tetramers of 58 distinct isoforms in mice. The diversity Pcdhs and resulting highly-specific may be required for formation neural circuits executing higher brain functions. However, this hypothesis remains to tested, because knockout Pcdh genes produces abnormalities that interfere with functions indirectly. In Pcdh-α1 , 12 mice, only α1, α12 two constitutive expressed out...

Amid recent amendment of delineation a mouse auditory cortical map, caudal field, originally defined as the primary cortex (AI), was divided into AI and dorsomedial field (DM), based on distinct high frequency areas. A low area not previously established in DM because responses to tones were weak this area. This may lead misconception that is an atypical region lacks band. In current study, we confirmed has completely independent from AI. First, conducted flavoprotein fluorescence imaging...