The appropriateness, or acceptability, of a conditional does not just ‘go with’ the corresponding probability. A condition dependence is required as well (cf. Douven in Synthese 164:19–44, 2008, epistemology indicative conditionals. Formal and empirical approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016; Skovgaard-Olsen et al. Cognition 150:26–36, 2016). In this paper particular notion proposed. It shown that under both forward causal backward evidential (or diagnostic) reading...

This paper deals with the truth conditions of conditional sentences. It focuses on a particular class problematic examples for semantic theories these I will argue that show need to refer dynamic, in causal laws an approach their conditions. More particularly, claim we notion consequence. The proposal subsequently made uses representation dependencies as proposed Pearl (2000) formalize inserted premise semantics counterfactuals style Veltman (1976) and Kratzer (1979) provide new...

As Large Language Models and Natural Processing (NLP) technology rapidly develop spread into daily life, it becomes crucial to anticipate how their use could harm people. One problem that has received a lot of attention in recent years is this displayed harmful biases, from generating derogatory stereotypes producing disparate outcomes for different social groups. Although effort been invested assessing mitigating these our methods measuring the biases NLP models have serious problems often...

Cimpian et al. (2010) observed that we accept generic statements of the form 'Gs are f' on relatively weak evidence, but if unfamiliar with group G and learn a statement about it, still treat it inferentially in much stronger way: (almost) all Gs f. This paper makes use notions like 'representativeness', 'contingency' 'relative difference' from (associative learning) psychology to provide uniform semantics generics explains why people based evidence. The spirit approach has common Leslie's...

The present study investigated the experience of schadenfreude among children. Participants were 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children ( n = 100) who told stories another child experiencing a misfortune while pursuing morally positive versus negative goal. Schadenfreude, sympathy, and helping behaviour towards suffering assessed. Results showed that beginning at age 4, emotional behavioural reactions predicted by moral valence other child's Furthermore, goals decreased increased behaviour. Multilevel...

Abstract Objects have dispositions. Dispositions are normally analyzed by providing a meaning to disposition ascriptions like ‘This piece of salt is soluble’. Philosophers Carnap, Goodman, Quine, Lewis and many others proposed analyses such ascriptions. In this paper we will argue with Quine (‘Natural Kinds’, 1970) that the proper analysis form ‘ x disposed m (when C)’, where ’ denotes an object, manifestation, C condition, goes this: (i) natural kind k ’, (ii) generic s C)’ true. For...

Moral emotions are typically elicited in everyday social interactions and regulate behavior. Previous research the field of attribution theory identified ought (the moral standard a given situation or intended goal), goal-attainment (a goal can be attained vs. not attained) effort (high low expenditure) as cognitive antecedents emotions. In contrast to earlier studies, mainly relying on thought experiments, we investigated autobiographical recollections N = 312 participants by means an...

Abstract This paper makes a first step towards logic of learning from experiments. For this, we investigate formal frameworks for modeling the interaction causal and (qualitative) epistemic reasoning. Crucial our approach is idea that notion an intervention can be used as expression (real or hypothetical) experiment (Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, Inference, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Woodward, 2003, Making Things Happen, vol. 114 Oxford Studies in Philosophy...

While causal reasoning is a core facet of our cognitive abilities, its time-course has not received proper attention. As the duration might prove crucial in understanding underlying processes, we asked participants two experiments to make probabilistic inferences while manipulating time pressure. We found that are less accurate under pressure, speed-accuracy-tradeoff, and they respond more conservatively. Surprisingly, other persistent errors—Markov violations failures explain away—appeared...

In this paper we argue that for the (probabilistic) interpretation of generic sentences form "