Research using a refinement of existing measures mood, the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UMACL), is reviewed. A factor analysis ( N = 388), validated criterion for assessing number factors to be extracted, confirmed that UMACL dimensions energetic arousal, tense arousal and hedonic tone. Psychometric properties scales were satisfactory. Discriminant validity was established by showing correlations between demographic personality variables small in magnitude, though theoretical importance....

Two experiments are reported which suggest that a dynamic memory updating task, running memory, requires two independent mechanisms — the articulatory loop and component of central executive. Experiment 1 shows irrelevant speech suppression impair serial recall task but not component. Updating affects performance independently effects suppression. The second experiment produced same pattern results with close to span load. These interpreted in terms working model outlined by Baddeley (1986)....

A series of studies addresses the possibility that tones disrupt serial recall visually presented material in same way as speech. stream changing is disruptive visual 4 syllables (Experiments 1 and 2). Similar effects were also shown with a repeated syllable changed only pitch (Experiment 3). Just for speech, effect not at encoding but during storage lists 5). The results suggest speech are equipotent their capacity to short-term memory. «blackboard» model working memory account outlined

Participants learned the layout of large-scale virtual buildings through extended navigational experience, using desk-top (i.e., nonimmersive) environments (VEs). Experiment 1 recreated a study performed in real building (P. W. Thorndyke & B. Hayes-Roth, 1982). After overcoming initial disorientation, participants ultimately developed near-perfect routefinding abilities. Their ability to judge directions and relative distances was similar that found with building. Two further experiments...

Memory for visually presented items is impaired by speech that played as an irrelevant background. The paper presents the view changing state of auditory material important prerequisite this disruption. Four experiments studied effects sounds varying in complexity attempt to establish which features signal lead diminished recall. Simple unvarying or repetitive were not sufficient induce effect (Experiment 1): addition, simple analogues speech, possessing regular irregular envelopes and using...

The incidence of antecedent events and serological evidence preceding infection were studied in 100 patients with acute idiopathic neuropathy age sex matched control subjects South-East England. Symptoms respiratory infections occurred within one month before onset neuropathic symptoms 38% 12% controls (p less than 0.001) gastrointestinal 17% 3% 0.005). Immunisations, insect bites animal contact equally common the patient subjects. Eight per cent had undergone an operation 3 months. Six...

Performance on a test of serial memory for the spatial position sequence dots showed similarities to typical results from recall verbal material: marked increase in error with increasing list length, modest rise as retention interval increased, and bow-shaped curves. This task was susceptible interference both (rote tapping) (mouthed articulatory suppression) also presence irrelevant speech. Effects were comparable those found that generally similar demand characteristics task. As...

Abstract A series of five experiments examined the effects irrelevant speech on proofreading and memory. Four used a task showed that deleterious speech: (1) depend being meaningful, (2) are only present when burden short‐term memory is low (3) manifested in lower detection rate for non‐contextual as opposed to contextual errors. Neither spatial location (either terms dispersion sources or movement single source) nor intensity (in range bounded by 50 dB(A) 70 dB(A)) had any effect...

The disruption of short-term memory by to-be-ignored auditory sequences (the changing-state effect) has often been characterized as attentional capture deviant events (deviation effect). However, the present study demonstrates that and deviation effects are functionally distinct forms distraction: visual-verbal serial recall speech was independent effect a single voice embedded within (Experiment 1); voice-deviation effect, but not found on missing-item task 2); repetition context an...

Participants used a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and desk-top (monitor) to learn the layouts of two large-scale virtual environments (VEs) through repeated, direct navigational experience. Both VEs were “virtual buildings” containing more than seventy rooms. using HMD navigated buildings significantly quickly developed accurate sense relative straight-line distance. There was no significant difference between types in terms distance that participants traveled or mean accuracy their direction...

The phonological store construct of the working memory model is critically evaluated. Three experiments test prediction that effect irrelevant sound and similarity each survive action articulatory suppression but only when presentation to-be-remembered lists auditory, not visual. No evidence was found to support interaction predicted among speech, modality, suppression. Although for an similarity, found, its presence could be diminished by a suffix, which acoustic, factor. Coupled with other...

The effects of irrelevant speech were examined on a range memory tasks. A missing-item task, which relied nonserial strategy for recall, proved less sensitive to the than one calling serial order. finding that effect both recognition task and paired-associates was modified significantly by articulatory suppression further suggested order is dominant feature these tasks it renders them vulnerable disruption speech. Taken together, results experimental series support notion involving are...

The influence of top-down cognitive control on 2 putatively distinct forms distraction was investigated. Attentional capture by a task-irrelevant auditory deviation (e.g., female-spoken token following sequence male-spoken tokens)-as indexed its disruption visually presented recall task-was abolished when focal-task engagement promoted either increasing the difficulty encoding visual to-be-remembered stimuli (by reducing their perceptual discriminability; Experiments 1 and 2) or providing...

Unexpected interruptions introduced during the execution phase of simple Tower London problems incurred a time cost when interrupted goal was retrieved, and this exacerbated longer suspended. Furthermore, taken to retrieve goals greater following more complex interruption, indicating processing limitations may be as important time-based in determining ease retrieval. Such findings cannot simply attributed task-switching costs are evaluated relation current models memory (E. M. Altmann & G....

A novel attentional capture effect is reported in which visual-verbal serial recall was disrupted if a single deviation the interstimulus interval occurred within otherwise regularly presented task-irrelevant spoken items. The degree of disruption same whether temporal deviant embedded sequence made up repeating item or changing Moreover, evident during presentation to-be-remembered but not rehearsal just prior to recall, suggesting that encoding sequences particularly susceptible. results...

Two experiments explored repetition priming for familiar voices and faces. Expt 1 revealed that, like faces, prior exposure to a voice in gender judgment task speeds its subsequent classification as or unfamiliar, some minutes later. Faces do not prime one another, however; result consistent with the notion that evidence is initially accumulated separately In 2, prediction derived from IAC model of Burton, Bruce & Johnston (1990) was explored. The results confirmed inter‐modal occurs...