A5071953944- Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Neurological disorders and treatments
- Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Biochemical and Structural Characterization
- Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
- Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
- Cancer Treatment and Pharmacology
- Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus
- Hemoglobin structure and function
- Microbial Inactivation Methods
- Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Algal biology and biofuel production
- ATP Synthase and ATPases Research
- Cellular transport and secretion
- Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Primary Care and Health Outcomes
- Microbial Metabolism and Applications
- Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins
- Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Food Safety and Hygiene
- Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Neurological diseases and metabolism
Johns Hopkins University
2008-2025
University of Wisconsin–Madison
2014-2024
Madison Group (United States)
2015-2024
Morgan State University
2023
Sacramento VA Medical Center
2022
Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
2010-2021
Seattle University
2021
University of Massachusetts Amherst
2013-2021
Kaiser Permanente
2021
Group Health Cooperative
2015
How the widely used botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) recognizes and enters neurons is poorly understood. We found that BoNT/A by binding to synaptic vesicle protein SV2 (isoforms A, B, C). Fragments of harbor toxin interaction domain inhibited from neurons. SV2A SV2B knockout hippocampal was abolished restored expressing SV2A, SV2B, or SV2C. Reduction expression in PC12 Neuro-2a cells also entry BoNT/A, which could be isoforms. Finally, mice lacked an isoform (SV2B) displayed reduced...
Some cases of late-onset (regressive) autism may involve abnormal flora because oral vancomycin, which is poorly absorbed, lead to significant improvement in these children. Fecal children with regressive was compared that control children, and clostridial counts were higher. The number species found the stools greater than Children had 9 Clostridium not controls, whereas controls yielded only 3 autism. In all, there 25 different found. gastric duodenal specimens, most striking finding total...
As the patient-centered medical home model emerges as a key vehicle to improve quality of health care and control costs, experience Seattle-based Group Health Cooperative with its pilot takes on added importance. This paper examines effects prototype patients' experiences, quality, burnout clinicians, total costs at twenty-one twenty-four months after implementation. The results show improvements in clinician through two years. Compared other clinics, patients experienced 29 percent fewer...
The relationship of acid adaptation to tolerance other environmental stresses was examined in Salmonella typhimurium. S. typhimurium adapted by exposing the cells mildly acidic conditions (pH 5.8) for one two cell doublings. Acid-adapted were found have increased towards various including heat, salt, an activated lactoperoxidase system, and surface-active agents crystal violet polymyxin B. Acid surface hydrophobicity. Specific outer membrane proteins induced adaptation, but...
Escherichia coli O157:H7 was adapted to acid by culturing for one two doublings at pH 5.0. Acid-adapted cells had an increased resistance lactic acid, survived better than nonadapted during a sausage fermentation, and showed enhanced survival in shredded dry salami (pH 5.0) apple cider 3.4). Acid adaptation is important the of E. acidic foods should be considered prerequisite inocula used food challenge studies.
ABSTRACT Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for many diverse anaerobic spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria that have the common property of producing neurotoxins (BoNTs). The BoNTs are exoneurotoxins can cause severe paralysis and death in humans other animal species. A collection 174 C. strains was examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis sequencing 16S rRNA gene BoNT genes to examine genetic diversity within this This contained representatives each...
Macrovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes, medical management, including lifestyle changes, may not be successful at lowering risk.To investigate the relationship between bariatric surgery incident macrovascular (coronary artery cerebrovascular diseases) events in severe obesity diabetes.In this retrospective, matched cohort study, (body mass index ≥35) aged 19 to 79 years diabetes who underwent from 2005 2011 4 integrated health...
Seven types (A-G) of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) target peripheral cholinergic neurons where they selectively proteolyze SNAP-25 (BoNT/A, BoNT/C1, and BoNT/E), syntaxin1 (BoNT/C1), synaptobrevin (BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, BoNT/G), SNARE proteins responsible for transmitter release, to cause neuromuscular paralysis but different durations. BoNT/A lasts longest (4-6 months) in humans, hence its widespread clinical use the treatment dystonias. Molecular mechanisms underlying these distinct...
A chemically defined minimal medium for Listeria monocytogenes has been developed by modification of Welshimer's medium. The growth factors required L. Scott are leucine, isoleucine, arginine, methionine, valine, cysteine (each at 100 mg/liter), riboflavin and biotin 0.5 micrograms/ml), thiamine (1.0 thioctic acid (0.005 micrograms/ml). Growth was stimulated 20 micrograms Fe3+ per ml as ferric citrate. Glucose (1%) glutamine (600 mg/liter) primary sources carbon nitrogen. could not be...
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause botulism by entering neurons and cleaving proteins that mediate neurotransmitter release; disruption of exocytosis results in paralysis death. The receptors for BoNTs are thought to be composed both gangliosides; however, protein components toxin entry have not been identified. Using gain-of-function loss-of-function approaches, we report here the secretory vesicle proteins, synaptotagmins (syts) I II, BoNT/B (but BoNT/A or E) into PC12 cells. Further,...
The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are category A biothreat agents which have been the focus of intensive efforts to develop vaccines and antibody-based prophylaxis treatment. Such approaches must take into account extensive BoNT sequence variability; seven serotypes differ by up 70% at amino acid level. Here, we analyzed 49 complete published sequences BoNTs show that all toxins also exhibit variability within ranging between 2.6 31.6%. To determine impact such differences on immune...
ABSTRACT The sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritone were investigated for their abilities to enhance bacterial permeability susceptibility exogenous antimicrobial compounds. Initially, it was observed by flow cytometry that these promoted the intracellular accumulation of membrane-impermeant nucleic acid stain ethidium bromide live cells Lactobacillus fermentum , suggesting enhanced resulted from disruption cytoplasmic membrane. ability increase a number clinically...
Egg white lysozyme was demonstrated to have antibacterial activity against organisms of concern in food safety, including Listeria monocytogenes and certain strains Clostridium botulinum. We also found that the spoilage thermophile thermosaccharolyticum highly susceptible confirmed Bacillus stearothermophilus tyrobutyricum were extremely sensitive. Several gram-positive gram-negative pathogens isolated from poisoning outbreaks, cereus, perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter...
The production of carotenoid pigments by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma depended on culture conditions. Astaxanthin, primary in this yeast, was produced mainly during exponential phase growth. concentration carotenes P. remained relatively constant [about 5 μg (g yeast)−1] throughout growth a 1·5% (w/v) glucose medium, but xanthophyll increased from 90 to 406 yeast)−1 fermentation. Active synthesis occurred period accelerating and after exhaustion medium. In media containing more than glucose,...
Plating of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma onto yeast-malt agar containing 50 μM antimycin A gave rise to colonies unusual morphology, characterized by a nonpigmented lower smooth surface that developed highly pigmented vertical papillae after 1 2 months. Isolation and purification papillae, followed testing for pigment production in shake flasks, demonstrated several isolates were increased two- fivefold astaxanthin content compared with parental natural isolate (UCD-FST...
An experimental vaccine consisting of five DNA plasmids expressing different combinations and forms simian immunodeficiency virus-macaque (SIVmac) proteins has been evaluated for the ability to protect against a highly pathogenic uncloned SIVmac251 challenge. One plasmid encoded nonreplicating SIVmac239 virus particles. The other four secreted envelope glycoproteins two T-cell-tropic relatives (SIVmac239 SIVmac251) one monocyte/macrophage-tropic relative (SIVmac316) challenge virus. Rhesus...
Botulinum neurotoxin E (BoNT/E) can cause paralysis in humans and animals by blocking neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals. How this toxin targets enters neurons is not known. Here we identified two isoforms of the synaptic vesicle protein SV2, SV2A SV2B, as receptors for BoNT/E. BoNT/E failed to enter cultured SV2A/B knockout mice; entry was restored expressing or but SV2C. Mice lacking SV2B displayed reduced sensitivity The fourth luminal domain alone, expressed...
Fatty acids and monoglycerides were evaluated in brain heart infusion broth milk for antimicrobial activity against the Scott A strain of Listeria monocytogenes. C12:0, C18:3, glyceryl monolaurate (monolaurin) had strongest bactericidal at 10 to 20 micrograms/ml, whereas potassium (K)-conjugated linoleic C18:2 50 200 micrograms/ml. C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, monomyristate, monopalmitate not inhibitory The was higher pH 5 than 6. In whole skim milk, K-conjugated acid bacteriostatic prolonged...
Similarly to other serotypes, botulinum neurotoxin serotype G (BoNT/G) contains the zinc binding motif of endopeptidases. Highly purified preparations BoNT/G show a zinc-dependent protease activity specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin, membrane protein synaptic vesicles. The two neuronal VAMP isoforms are cleaved with similar rates at one Ala-Ala peptide bond present in same region, out several such bonds their sequences. This site cleavage is unique among eight clostridial neurotoxins....