In this paper, a model for time-averaged realistic maximum power levels the assessment of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure fifth generation (5G) base stations (RBS) employing massive MIMO is presented. The based on statistical approach and developed to provide conservative RF significant proportion all possible downlink scenarios (95th percentile) in-line with requirements in recently International Electrotechnical Commission standard EMF assessments RBS. Factors,...

In this paper, radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure evaluations are conducted in the frequency range 10-60 GHz for array antennas intended user equipment (UE) and low-power radio base stations 5G mobile communication systems. A systematic study based on numerical power density simulations considering effects of frequency, size, topology, distance to exposed part human body, beam steering is presented whereby maximum transmitted comply with RF EMF limits specified by...

As the roll-out of fifth generation (5G) mobile telecommunications is well underway, standardized methods to assess human exposure radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from 5G base station radios are needed in addition existing numerical models and preliminary measurement studies. Challenges following introduction New Radio (NR) include utilization new spectrum bands widespread use technological advances such as Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) beamforming. We propose a...

Spectrum is a scarce resource, and the interest for utilizing frequency bands above 6 GHz future radio communication systems increasing. The possible use of higher implies new challenges in terms electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessments since fundamental metric (basic restriction) changing from specific absorption rate (SAR) to power density. In this study, implication change investigated maximum radiated (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

In this paper, mechanisms of RF energy absorption by body tissue in close proximity to wireless equipment, are studied using numerical simulations at frequencies above 24 GHz. It is shown that millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies, relevance for 5G mobile communications, and realistic source separation distances, the contribution from reactive near-field deposition small. Furthermore, interaction between exposed modest. The results suggest effects interactions small when evaluating...

The aim of this paper is to present results on output power level distributions 4G user equipment (UE) using data applications based a very large number samples collected over seven days in long-term evolution (LTE) operating network. have been obtained through network-based measurements conducted for about 7000 UE connected 41 LTE radio base stations located rural, suburban, urban, and indoor environments Sweden. More than 300 000 were collected. In rural environments, the 95th percentile...

In this work, monitoring of the transmit power for several base stations operating in a live 5G network (Telstra, Australia) was conducted with purpose analyzing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels. The made use state-of-the-art massive MIMO antennas utilizing beamforming order to optimize signal strength at user’s device. characterize actual EMF from stations, knowledge amount dynamically allocated each beam is therefore importance. Experimental data on spatial...

This paper describes the assessment of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) base stations in a commercial NR network Bern, Switzerland. During measurement campaign, four station sites were investigated and induced by massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MaMIMO) antennas was assessed at 22 positions, distances between 30 m 410 m. The operated 3.6 GHz used codebook-based beamforming. While actual levels without inducing downlink...

The objective of this study was to examine the distribution output power mobile phones and other terminals connected a 3G network in Sweden. It is well known that can operate with very low power, particularly for voice calls. Measurements terminal were conducted Swedish TeliaSonera November 2008 by recording statistics. In analysis, discrimination made between rural, suburban, urban, dedicated indoor networks. addition, information about possible collect separately data traffic. Information...

Here, the results on actual output power levels of fifth generation (5G) user equipment (UE) operating in commercial 5G networks are presented. Using a network management platform, data for several UE were collected over fifteen days. Out about 545 million samples obtained from two networks, time-averaged power, relevance electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment, was found to be always less than 43% maximum considering time division duplexing. In addition, 95% 8% while mean value 2%....

The importance of antenna arrays with beam-forming capability is expected to increase in future mobile communication systems the ongoing development new radio access technologies involving higher frequency bands and massive MIMO concepts. In this paper, various approximate methods for electromagnetic field compliance assessments base station products utilizing these are investigated focus on front distances. For electrically large arrays, results show that accurate boundary dimensions may be...

Low-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy results from the submonolayer Sm- Yb-induced surface structures are presented. Several similar metal-induced reconstructions found to exist for Yb Sm on Si(111) low coverages: 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2, 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1, 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1. At higher coverage, induces a 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 reconstruction while (\ensuremath{\surd}3...

The aim of this paper is to present results on output power level distributions radio base stations (RBSs) and user devices connected a wideband code division multiple access-based third generation (3G) mobile communication network in India relate the realistic human exposure frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by corresponding RBSs devices. have been obtained through network-based measurements. In downlink, data from 868 were gathered during seven days. five different...

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to determine the surface atomic structure of Si(111)(2\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 \ensuremath{\surd}3 )-Sn. The topographic images show four resolved atoms in each (2 ) unit cell, and is found be onefold symmetric. Together with coverage measurements, STM analysis implies that reconstructed an epitaxial Sn two-layer structure, where adopt a bonding configuration characteristic \ensuremath{\alpha}-Sn. A...

In this study, data were collected for 22 massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) base stations in busy 5G sites over 15 months using a network monitoring tool. Logged precoding matrix index (PMI) and time-averaged output power from the used to obtain actual statistics considering spatial distribution of transmission corresponding spreading antenna beams different directions time. More than one billion samples whole study period. The results show that per beam direction was significantly...

Results of 900-MHz propagation measurements and three-dimensional path loss prediction models for a number typical indoor cellular system environments are presented. Statistical expressions describing the observed excess due to floor reflections clutter, as well characteristics multistory buildings, discussed. Radio coverage cochannel interference predictions cell planning presented modern office building. Simulations an using adaptive channel allocation (ACA) performed.

Knowledge of realistic power levels is key when conducting accurate EMF exposure assessments. In this study, downlink output distributions for radio base stations in 2G and 3G mobile communication networks have been assessed. The were obtained from network measurement data collected the Operations Support System, which normally used monitoring management. Significant amounts gathered simultaneously large sets covering wide geographical areas different environments. method was validated with...

Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EMF) exposure from a massive MIMO radio base station (RBS) operating in commercial network has been assessed by means of measurements. The impact beamforming and the influence traffic variation on levels were evaluated based measurements addition to field strength on-site was found be much below value obtained assuming constant maximum power transmission fixed beam direction (i.e., theoretical exposure) None time-averaged values measured larger than 6%...

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) estimation formulas for RF main beam exposure from mobile communication base station antennas are proposed. The formulas, given both whole-body SAR and localized SAR, heuristic in nature valid a class of common antennas. were developed based on number physical observations supported by results an extensive literature survey together with...

In this paper, different methods for practical numerical radio frequency exposure compliance assessments of base station products were investigated. Both multi‐band antennas and designed multiple input output (MIMO) transmission schemes considered. For the case, various standardized assessment evaluated in terms resulting distance with respect to reference levels basic restrictions International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection. single (cumulative) distances determined using...

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF from base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) beamforming. Such techniques are based on applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead more realistic, albeit conservative, assessments. In this study, corresponding PRFs computed for a millimeter-wave station...

In this article, a methodology for in situ measurements of the radio frequency electromagnetic fields exposure from 5G base stations (BSs) operating at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies is presented. Measurements were performed proximity two BSs around 28 and 39 GHz. The measured power density when extrapolated maximum transmit was below 30 mW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> distance about 10 m (i.e., 1% ICNIRP limits)....

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been performed on the reconstructed polar surface of substoichiometric ${\mathrm{VC}}_{0.80}$(111). A mixture (8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} areas was found. The periodicity could be determined to result a square-lattice layer superimposed hexagonal substrate. As this square lattice must have its origin in strong directed in-plane...