In this paper, a model for time-averaged realistic maximum power levels the assessment of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure fifth generation (5G) base stations (RBS) employing massive MIMO is presented. The based on statistical approach and developed to provide conservative RF significant proportion all possible downlink scenarios (95th percentile) in-line with requirements in recently International Electrotechnical Commission standard EMF assessments RBS. Factors,...

In this paper, radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure evaluations are conducted in the frequency range 10-60 GHz for array antennas intended user equipment (UE) and low-power radio base stations 5G mobile communication systems. A systematic study based on numerical power density simulations considering effects of frequency, size, topology, distance to exposed part human body, beam steering is presented whereby maximum transmitted comply with RF EMF limits specified by...

As the roll-out of fifth generation (5G) mobile telecommunications is well underway, standardized methods to assess human exposure radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from 5G base station radios are needed in addition existing numerical models and preliminary measurement studies. Challenges following introduction New Radio (NR) include utilization new spectrum bands widespread use technological advances such as Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) beamforming. We propose a...

This article reviews recent standardization activities and scientific studies related to the assessment of human exposure electromagnetic fields (EMF). The differences standards consumer products medical applications are summarized. First, we reviewed body modeling tissue dielectric properties. Then, explain rationale current from viewpoint EMF process for product compliance based on these standards. wireless power transfer, as an example emerging devices, environmental EMFs in our daily...

Spectrum is a scarce resource, and the interest for utilizing frequency bands above 6 GHz future radio communication systems increasing. The possible use of higher implies new challenges in terms electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessments since fundamental metric (basic restriction) changing from specific absorption rate (SAR) to power density. In this study, implication change investigated maximum radiated (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"...

In this paper, mechanisms of RF energy absorption by body tissue in close proximity to wireless equipment, are studied using numerical simulations at frequencies above 24 GHz. It is shown that millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies, relevance for 5G mobile communications, and realistic source separation distances, the contribution from reactive near-field deposition small. Furthermore, interaction between exposed modest. The results suggest effects interactions small when evaluating...

The aim of this paper is to present results on output power level distributions 4G user equipment (UE) using data applications based a very large number samples collected over seven days in long-term evolution (LTE) operating network. have been obtained through network-based measurements conducted for about 7000 UE connected 41 LTE radio base stations located rural, suburban, urban, and indoor environments Sweden. More than 300 000 were collected. In rural environments, the 95th percentile...

In this work, monitoring of the transmit power for several base stations operating in a live 5G network (Telstra, Australia) was conducted with purpose analyzing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels. The made use state-of-the-art massive MIMO antennas utilizing beamforming order to optimize signal strength at user’s device. characterize actual EMF from stations, knowledge amount dynamically allocated each beam is therefore importance. Experimental data on spatial...

This paper describes the assessment of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) base stations in a commercial NR network Bern, Switzerland. During measurement campaign, four station sites were investigated and induced by massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MaMIMO) antennas was assessed at 22 positions, distances between 30 m 410 m. The operated 3.6 GHz used codebook-based beamforming. While actual levels without inducing downlink...

In this paper, different measurement schemes are studied in order to investigate the possibilities and limitations of scalar- vector-based systems for radio frequency electromagnetic fields compliance assessments fifth generation mobile communication user equipment (UE). Two UE antenna array designs, transmitting at 15 GHz employing patch notch elements, considered phase excitations. Using free space power density as exposure metric, maximum permissible transmitted UE, compliant with limits...

Here, the results on actual output power levels of fifth generation (5G) user equipment (UE) operating in commercial 5G networks are presented. Using a network management platform, data for several UE were collected over fifteen days. Out about 545 million samples obtained from two networks, time-averaged power, relevance electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment, was found to be always less than 43% maximum considering time division duplexing. In addition, 95% 8% while mean value 2%....

User equipment (UE) is required to comply with the relevant radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits, which are of relevance establish maximum permissible transmitted power and equivalent isotropically radiated (EIRP). Recently, international RF EMF guidelines, such as those published by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) well IEEE, have been updated. In this paper, implications revised incident density limits investigated in terms...

The aim of this paper is to present results on output power level distributions radio base stations (RBSs) and user devices connected a wideband code division multiple access-based third generation (3G) mobile communication network in India relate the realistic human exposure frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by corresponding RBSs devices. have been obtained through network-based measurements. In downlink, data from 868 were gathered during seven days. five different...

The level of protection against thermal hazard the current RF EM field (EMF) exposure limits is estimated at transition frequency where basic restrictions change from specific absorption rate to power density. It shown that calculated steady‐state temperature increase in skin generated by a nearby dipole transmitting maximum meet compliance with EMF presents significant discontinuity this frequency. results suggest for limited areas body frequencies are provided terms density, currently...

Accurate and efficient measurement techniques are needed for an exposure assessment of 5G portable devices, which expected to utilize frequencies beyond 6 GHz with respect radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) limits. At above GHz, these limits expressed in terms the incident power density, thus requiring EMFs be evaluated high precision close vicinity device under test (DUT), i.e., near-field region radiating antenna. This article presents a cutting-edge technique suited needs....

In this study, data were collected for 22 massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) base stations in busy 5G sites over 15 months using a network monitoring tool. Logged precoding matrix index (PMI) and time-averaged output power from the used to obtain actual statistics considering spatial distribution of transmission corresponding spreading antenna beams different directions time. More than one billion samples whole study period. The results show that per beam direction was significantly...

Knowledge of realistic power levels is key when conducting accurate EMF exposure assessments. In this study, downlink output distributions for radio base stations in 2G and 3G mobile communication networks have been assessed. The were obtained from network measurement data collected the Operations Support System, which normally used monitoring management. Significant amounts gathered simultaneously large sets covering wide geographical areas different environments. method was validated with...

Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic (EMF) exposure from a massive MIMO radio base station (RBS) operating in commercial network has been assessed by means of measurements. The impact beamforming and the influence traffic variation on levels were evaluated based measurements addition to field strength on-site was found be much below value obtained assuming constant maximum power transmission fixed beam direction (i.e., theoretical exposure) None time-averaged values measured larger than 6%...

In this paper, different methods for practical numerical radio frequency exposure compliance assessments of base station products were investigated. Both multi‐band antennas and designed multiple input output (MIMO) transmission schemes considered. For the case, various standardized assessment evaluated in terms resulting distance with respect to reference levels basic restrictions International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection. single (cumulative) distances determined using...

Optimization of the current distribution is used to analyze how small antennas are affected by amplitude constraints on near field and lossy background media. The optimal antenna that minimizes stored energy, for a prescribed radiated in given direction, with limited set control points, formulated as convex optimization problem. analysis also extended media using frequency-derivative approximation energy. results suggest many fundamental problems involving near-field can be analyzed optimization.

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF from base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) beamforming. Such techniques are based on applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead more realistic, albeit conservative, assessments. In this study, corresponding PRFs computed for a millimeter-wave station...

In this article, a methodology for in situ measurements of the radio frequency electromagnetic fields exposure from 5G base stations (BSs) operating at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies is presented. Measurements were performed proximity two BSs around 28 and 39 GHz. The measured power density when extrapolated maximum transmit was below 30 mW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> distance about 10 m (i.e., 1% ICNIRP limits)....

The emerging 5 G wireless devices working at frequencies above 6 GHz are expected to have antenna arrays formed by dipoles, slots, patches or their combination. At lower frequencies, the accepted criteria for exposure compliance is stated in terms of specific absorption rate. IEEE and ICNIRP adopting epithelial transmitted power density (PD through body surface) as dosimetric reference GHz, which entails measurement free space PD. Theoretical numerical results presented this article show...

Human exposure to the radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by base stations (RBS) is proportional transmitted power. Thus, knowledge of actual power levels key for a correct estimate EMF exposure. In this study, downlink output distributions RBSs in 4G LTE mobile communication network have been determined. By extracting data using operations support system (OSS) network, statistics were obtained based on 24 hours measurements more than 5000 RBSs. The measurement approach was...

Abstract This paper presents a method for measuring whole-body specific absorption rate (WBSAR) of millimeter-wave base stations (BSs) in reverberation chamber (RC). The absorbed power the phantom from equipment under test (EUT) and hence WBSAR is determined as difference between total radiated with without phantom. A transfer function used to include only due direct illumination EUT, i.e., excluding RC multipath reflections. measurement was evaluated at 28 GHz using horn antenna commercial...