Skeletal muscle is a major insulin-target tissue and plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Impaired insulin action muscles leads to resistance type 2 diabetes mellitus. 5' AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) energy sensor, its activation increases uptake skeletal AMPK activators have been viewed as targeted approach combating resistance. We previously reported increased by rosemary extract (RE). In the present study, we examined effects mechanism of rosmarinic acid (RA), RE constituent, L6...

Insulin resistance, the hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is linked to hyperinsulinemia, which develops counterbalance initial peripheral hormone resistance. Studies indicate that chronically elevated levels insulin lead skeletal muscle resistance by deregulating steps within signaling cascade. The polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) has been shown have antidiabetic properties in vitro and vivo. In present study, we examined effect RSV on high (HI)-induced cells investigated mechanisms...

Skeletal muscle is a major insulin-target tissue and plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Insulin action activates the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway causing translocation of intracellularly stored GLUT4 transporters to plasma membrane increased uptake. Impaired insulin results resistance type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Activation energy sensor AMP-activated (AMPK) increases uptake use AMPK activators viewed as effective strategy combat resistance....

Insulin resistance, a main characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is linked to obesity and excessive levels plasma free fatty acids (FFA). Studies indicated that significantly elevated FFAs lead skeletal muscle insulin by dysregulating the steps in signaling cascade. The polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) was shown have antidiabetic properties but exact mechanism(s) involved are not clearly understood. In present study, we examined effect RSV on FFA-induced resistance cells vitro...

Elevated blood free fatty acids (FFAs), as seen in obesity, impair insulin action leading to resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several serine/threonine kinases including JNK, mTOR, p70 S6K cause serine phosphorylation of the receptor substrate (IRS) have been implicated resistance. Activation AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases glucose uptake, recent years, AMPK has viewed an important target counteract We reported previously that carnosic acid (CA) found rosemary extract...

Abstract In the classical insulin target tissues of liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, chronically elevated levels free fatty acids (FFA) impair signaling. Insulin signaling molecules are also present in β-cells where they play a role β-cell function. Therefore, inhibition insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway may be involved fat-induced dysfunction. To address resistance FFA-induced dysfunction we co-infused bisperoxovanadate (BPV) with oleate or olive oil for 48 hours rats. BPV,...

Summary Compounds that increase the activity of energy sensor AMP ‐activated kinase ( AMPK ) have potential to regulate blood glucose levels. Although rosemary extract RE has been reported activate and reduce levels in vivo , chemical components responsible for these effects are not known. In present study, we measured polyphenol carnosic acid CA examined mechanism action on transport system muscle cells. High performance liquid chromatography HPLC was used measure . Parental GLUT 4myc or...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can be released from the brain during prolonged exercise. In peripheral tissues, exercise induced IL-6 result in GLUT4 translocation and increased glucose uptake through AMPK activation. expressed recruited to axonal plasma membranes with neuronal activity The aim of this study examine if treatment: (1) results activation cells, (2) increases proteins involved translocation, (3) uptake. Retinoic acid was used differentiate SH-SY5Y cells....

Obesity and elevated blood free fatty acid (FFA) levels lead to impaired insulin action causing resistance in skeletal muscle, contributing the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Mechanistically, is associated with increased serine phosphorylation receptor substrate (IRS) mediated by serine/threonine kinases including mTOR p70S6K. Evidence demonstrated that activation energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may be an attractive target counteract resistance. We reported...

Elevated blood free fatty acids (FFAs), as seen in obesity, impair muscle insulin action leading to resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serine phosphorylation of the receptor substrate (IRS) is linked a number serine/threonine kinases including JNK, mTOR p70 S6K have been implicated this process. Activation energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases glucose uptake, recent years AMPK has viewed an important target counteract resistance. We reported recently that rosemary...

Impaired action of insulin in skeletal muscle, termed resistance, leads to increased blood glucose levels resulting compensatory increase levels. The elevated and exacerbate resistance contribute the pathogenesis type 2 diabetes mellitus. In previous studies we found attenuation free fatty acid-induced muscle cell by rosemary extract (RE). present study investigated effects RE on high (HG) (HI)-induced resistance. Exposure L6 myotubes 25 mmol/L 100 nmol/L for 24 h, mimic hyperglycemia...

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis, and its dysfunction obesity leads to insulin resistance type 2 diabetes (T2D). White adipose (WAT) primarily stores energy as lipids, while brown (BAT) regulates thermogenesis by dissipating heat. The process of browning involves the transdifferentiation WAT into brown-like or beige adipocytes, which exhibit similar phenotype BAT. is an attractive approach against T2D, activation sensor AMP-activated protein kinase...

Various in vivo studies have investigated the insulin response that is elicited when glutamate elevated circulation or a given tissue; fewer effects of on glucose uptake and handling. Glutamate ingestion humans can attenuate rises blood following carbohydrate load absence increases serum concentrations. However, underlying mechanisms yet to be investigated. To elucidate handling skeletal muscle tissue, differentiated rat L6 myocytes were treated with glutamate, was assessed use...

Plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are elevated in obesity and can induce insulin resistance via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, it is unknown whether hepatic caused by the elevation of plasma FFAs alleviated chemical chaperones. Rats received one following i.v. treatments for 48 h: saline, intralipid plus heparin (IH), IH chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), or PBA alone a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed during last 2 h. co-infusion normalized IH-induced peripheral...

Skeletal muscle is highly important in glucose homeostasis since it quantitatively a major insulin‐target tissue. Insulin action cells activates the phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway causing translocation of intracellularly stored GLUT4 transporters to plasma membrane leading increased uptake. Impaired insulin leads resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AMP‐activated (AMPK) cellular energy sensor its activation increases uptake by skeletal cells. Finding...

Background: Increased adiposity has long been associated with insulin resistance and adipose tissue plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis, as its dysfunction obesity leads to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The primary function of white (WAT) is store energy lipids while brown (BAT) regulates thermogenesis by dissipating form heat. process browning involves transdifferention WAT into brown-like or beige adipocytes, which exhibit the same functional properties BAT. Browning an...

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA). In vivo exposure to FFAs, such as palmitate, by lipid infusion results in insulin resistance observed obesity T2D. recent years, compounds found herbs plants have attracted attention for prevention treatment of studies our group, carnosic acid (CA), rosemary, increased glucose uptake attenuated the FFA (palmitate)-induced muscle cells adipocytes. addition, CA caused a robust activation...

Elevated blood free fatty acids (FFAs), as seen in obesity, impair insulin action muscle leading to resistance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serine phosphorylation of the receptor substrate (IRS) reduces insulin‐stimulated tyrosine resistance. A number serine/threonine kinases including JNK, mTOR p70 6SK have been implicated serine IRS‐1 Activation energy sensor AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases glucose uptake has become an important target counteract We reported recently that...