Foreword by Renilde Montessori 1. An Answer to the Crisis in Education 2. The Impact of Movement on Learning and Cognition 3. Choice Perceived Control 4. Interest Human 5. Extrinsic Rewards Motivation 6. from Peers 7. Meaningful Contexts for 8. Adult Interaction Styles Child Outcomes 9. Order Environment Mind 10. Children

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OBJECTIVE: The goal of this research was to study whether a fast-paced television show immediately influences preschool-aged children's executive function (eg, self-regulation, working memory). METHODS: Sixty 4-year-olds were randomly assigned watch cartoon or an educational draw for 9 minutes. They then given 4 tasks tapping function, including the classic delay-of-gratification and Tower Hanoi tasks. Parents completed surveys regarding viewing child's attention. RESULTS: Children who...

Three studies examined the short-term impact of television (TV) on children's executive function (EF). Study 1 (N = 160) showed that 4- and 6-year-olds' EF is impaired after watching 2 different fast fantastical shows, relative to children who watched a slow, realistic show or played. In 60), 4-year-olds' was as depleted educational it entertainment 1, read book based show. 3 80) whether pacing fantasy more influential, found only regardless their pacing, disrupted EF. Taken together, these...

Over the past 20 years, developmental psychologists have shown considerable interest in onset of a theory mind, typically marked by children's ability to pass false-belief tasks. In Western cultures, children such tasks around age 5 with variations producing small changes at which they are passed. Knowing whether this transition is common across diverse cultures important understanding what causes development. Cross-cultural studies produced mixed findings, possibly because varying methods...

Pretend play has recently been of great interest to researchers studying children's understanding the mind. One reason for this is that pretense seems require many same skills as mental state understanding, and these seem emerge precociously in pretense. might be a zone proximal development, an activity which children operate at cognitive level higher than they nonpretense situations. Alternatively, pretend fool's gold, it appear more sophisticated really is. This paper first discusses what...

Quality preschool programs that develop the whole child through age-appropriate socioemotional and cognitive skill-building hold promise for significantly improving outcomes. However, tend to either be teacher-led didactic, or else lack academic content. One model involves both child-directed, freely chosen activity content is Montessori. Here we report a longitudinal study took advantage of randomized lottery-based admission two public Montessori magnet schools in high-poverty American...

A growing body of research indicates that children do not understand mental representation until around age 4. However, engage in pretend play by 2, and pretending seems to require understanding representation. This apparent contradiction has been reconciled the claim pretense there is precocious 4 studies tested this presenting with protagonists who were mentally representing something (i.e., an animal), either because they did know about animal or simply thinking being animal. acting ways...

An important issue for understanding early cognition is why very young children's real-world representations do not get confused by pretense events. One possible source of information children the pretender's behaviors. Pretender behaviors may vary systematically across real and pretend scenarios, perhaps signaling to toddlers interpret certain events as real. were examined in 2 experiments which mothers asked both have a snack really with their 18-month-olds. Episodes analyzed condition...

Theorists have speculated about the symbolic underpinnings of theory mind (ToM), but no study has examined them across main developmental span ToM. Here, onset understandings in three domains (pretend play, language, and understanding representations) ToM was examined. Fifty‐eight children were tested on batteries tasks four times from ages 2.5 to 5 years. Some significant interrelations among variables seen at each age level. Canonical correlation analysis found that a subset significantly...

Previous research indicates that American adults, both Black and White, assume a priori people feel less pain than do White (Trawalter, Hoffman, & Waytz, 2012, PLoS One, 7[11], 1-8). The present work investigates when in development this bias emerges. Five-, 7-, 10-year-olds first rated the amount of they themselves would 10 situations such as biting their tongue or hitting head. They then believed two other children - child child, matched to child's gender response same events. We found by...

Substitute object pretense is one of the earliest-developing forms pretense, and yet it changes considerably across preschool years. By 3.5 years age, children can pretend with substitutes that are highly dissimilar from their intended referents (Elder & Pederson, 1978), but even older have difficulty understanding such in others (Bigham Bourchier-Sutton, 2007). The present studies had 3 aims: 1) to examine relative influence form function substitute objects; 2) replicate age gap between...

Our everyday, basic understanding of people's mental states and behaviors has recently been a lively topic debate in the social sciences This article addresses whether some aspects our European-American theory mind are universal, by examining ethnographic experimental reports cultural variation Implications that for nativist theories development discussed research strategies to augment proposed.