<h3>Objective:</h3> To develop a procedure for noninvasive measurement of language lateralization with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). <h3>Design:</h3> Functional neuroimaging using time-series echo-planar MRI. <h3>Setting:</h3> University medical center research facility. <h3>Subjects:</h3> Five healthy, right-handed, young adults. <h3>Main Outcome Measures:</h3> Number MRI voxels in left and right hemispheres showing task-related signal increases during two contrasting...

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a family of serine/threonine that regulated by distinct extracellular stimuli. currently known members include signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), ERK2, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated (JNK/SAPKs), and p38 MAP kinases. We find overexpression Ste20-related enzymes p21-activated (PAK1) PAK2 in 293 cells is sufficient to activate JNK/SAPK lesser extent but not ERK2. Rat MAP/ERK can stimulate activity each these Although neither...

The study aimed to identify sources of campylobacter in 10 housed broiler flocks from three United Kingdom poultry companies. Samples (i) the breeder flocks, which supplied broilers, (ii) cleaned and disinfected houses prior chick placement, (iii) chickens, (iv) environments inside outside during rearing were examined. collected at frequent intervals examined for Campylobacter spp. Characterization isolates using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), serotyping, phage typing, flaA restriction...

A key concern within democracies is effectively regulating the behavior of societies' agents social control, who have coercive power and considerable discretion over their use that power. This can result in failures to adhere rules, policies, laws dictating appropriate lawful behavior. article explores effectiveness motivating rule adherence among law enforcement officers soldiers by focusing upon whether they believe organizational authorities are legitimate or rules policies morally right...

The role of ERK-1 and ERK-2 in wild-type (wt) Ha-Ras, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), serum-induced AP-1 activity was studied. Microinjection ERK-specific substrate peptides inhibited the induction by all three stimuli, whereas a control peptide had no effect. By using eukaryotic expression constructs encoding wt kinase-deficient mutants ERKs 1 2, it found that activities are required for activation stimulated either PMA, or serum. Overexpression augmented Ha-Ras stimulation AP-1,...

PAKs are serine/threonine protein kinases that activated by binding to Rac or Cdc42hs. Different forms of PAK1 have been reported either promote membrane ruffling and focal adhesion assembly cause disassembly stress fiber dissolution. To understand the basis for these distinct morphological effects, we examined mechanism mutational activation PAK1, characterized effects different active proteins on cytoskeletal structure in vivo. We find contains an autoinhibitory domain overlaps with its...

Shortly after birth, cardiac myocytes lose the ability to divide, and, in adult animals, heart muscle grows by a process of cellular hypertrophy where each individual cell gets larger. We have previously shown that activated Ras protein can induce markers hypertrophic phenotype, including atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) expression and organization contractile proteins, is at least partially required for effect phenylephrine. In present study, we examine requirement mitogen-activated kinases...

Src family kinases control multiple cancer cell properties including cycle progression, survival, and metastasis. Recent studies suggest that the inhibitor dasatinib blocks these critical functions. Because molecular mechanism of action in breast cancers has not been investigated, we evaluated effects as a single agent combination with commonly used chemotherapeutic doxorubicin, on proliferation, viability, invasive capacity cells lines earlier categorised dasatinib-sensitive (MDA-MB-231)...

Chronic pain caused by insults to the CNS (central neuropathic pain) is widely assumed be maintained exclusively central mechanisms. However, chronic hyperexcitablility occurs in primary nociceptors after spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting that SCI also depends upon continuing activity of peripheral sensory neurons. The present study rats (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) found persistent upregulation protein, but not mRNA, for a voltage-gated Na⁺ channel, Nav1.8, expressed almost...

The p21-activated kinase (PAK1) is a serine-threonine protein that activated by binding to the Rho family small G proteins Rac and Cdc42hs. Both Cdc42hs have been shown regulate activity of transcription factor NFkappaB. Here we show expression active Ras, Raf-1, or Rac1 in fibroblasts stimulates NFkappaB PAK1-dependent manner PAK1 can stimulate on its own. Similarly, macrophages activation as well from tumor necrosis alpha promoter depends PAK1. In these cells lipopolysaccharide potent...

A constitutively active fragment of rat MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1) consisting only its catalytic domain (MEKK-C) expressed in bacteria quantitatively activates recombinant mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) kinases and 2 (MEK1 MEK2) vitro. Activation MEK1 by MEKK-C is accompanied phosphorylation S218 S222, which are also phosphorylated the c-Mos Raf-1. MEKK1 has been implicated regulation a parallel but distinct cascade that leads to N-terminal sites on...

In the earliest stages of metastasis, breast cancer cells must reorganize cytoskeleton to affect cell shape change and promote invasion motility. These events require cytoskeletal regulators Cdc42 Rho, their effectors such as N-WASp/WAVE, direct inducers actin polymerization Arp2/3. Little consideration has been given molecules that membrane. The F-BAR proteins CIP4, TOCA-1, FBP17 generate membrane curvature act scaffolding for activated N-WASp. We found expression but not TOCA-1 or FBP17,...

Exposure of cells to mitogens or growth factors stimulates Raf-1 activity through a complex mechanism that involves binding active Ras, phosphorylation on multiple residues, and protein-protein interactions. Recently it was shown the amino terminus contains an autoregulatory domain can inhibit its in Xenopus oocytes. In present work we show expression autoinhibitory blocks extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation by catalytic mammalian cells. We also serine 338 PAK1 tyrosines 340...

To test the sensitivity of strains Campylobacter species isolated from humans in England and Wales against a range antimicrobial agents for purpose monitoring therapeutic efficacy as an epidemiological marker.An agar dilution breakpoint technique was used to screen isolates ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also determined sample quinolone resistant...