Over the past 3 decades, volume of human motor learning research has grown enormously. As such, understanding (ie, sustained change in behavior) evolved. It been learned that there are multiple mechanisms through which occurs, each with distinctive features. These include use-dependent, instructive, reinforcement, and sensorimotor adaptation-based learning. is now understood these different contribute parallel or isolation to drive desired changes movement, mechanism thought be governed by...

Many interventions can improve walking ability of individuals with stroke, although the training parameters that maximize recovery are not clear. For example, contribution intensity has been well established and may contribute to efficacy many locomotor interventions. The purpose this preliminary study was evaluate effects on outcomes in gait deficits poststroke.Using a randomized cross-over design, 12 participants chronic stroke (>6-month duration) performed either high-intensity (70%-80%...

Background. Optimal physical therapy strategies to maximize locomotor function in patients early poststroke are not well established. Emerging data indicate that substantial amounts of task-specific stepping practice may improve function, although provided during inpatient rehabilitation is limited (<300 steps/session). Objective. The purpose this investigation was determine the feasibility providing focused training and its potential association with walking other mobility outcomes....

Biomechanical gait impairments, such as reduced paretic propulsion, are common post-stroke. Studies have used biofeedback to increase propulsion and reduce asymmetry, but it is unclear if these changes impact overall asymmetry. There an implicit assumption that reducing asymmetry will improve symmetry, has been related numerous biomechanical impairments. However, no work investigated the of on We aimed understand how within-session in affect individuals post-stroke, operationalized combined...

Movement flexibility and automaticity are necessary to successfully navigate different environments. When encountering difficult terrains such as a muddy trail, we can change how step almost immediately so that continue walking. This comes at cost since initially must pay deliberate attention moving. Gradually, after few minutes on the stepping becomes automatic do not need think about our movements. Canonical theory indicates adaptive motor learning mechanisms confer these essential...

Gait training at fast speeds is recommended to reduce walking activity limitations post-stroke. Fast may also gait kinematic impairments However, it unknown if differences in kinematics between people post-stroke and neurotypical adults decrease when faster speeds.

Purpose: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is one of the most commonly applied clinical measures balance for individuals with stroke. This study used item analysis methods to investigate various psychometric aspects BBS in participants subacute and chronic Methods: Secondary data from 69 was included. Rasch measurement model generate fit statistics each assess scale precision across continuum balance. Results: Two 14 items (standing on foot tandem standing) demonstrated misfit. hierarchical...

Abstract Learning new movements through an error-based process called motor adaptation is thought to involve multiple mechanisms which are still largely not understood. Previous studies have shown that young children adapt movement more slowly than adults, perhaps supporting the involvement of distinct neural circuits come online at different stages development. Recent in adults addition recalibrating a movement, also leads changes perception movement. However, we do yet understand...

Background and Purpose: Visual biofeedback can be used to help people post-stroke reduce biomechanical gait impairments. Using visual engages an explicit, cognitively demanding motor learning process. Participants with better overall cognitive function are able use promote locomotor learning; however, which specific domains responsible for this effect unknown. We aimed understand were associated performance during acquisition immediate retention when using increase paretic propulsion in...

ABSTRACT Background Gait training at fast speeds is recommended to reduce walking activity limitations post-stroke. Fast may also gait kinematic impairments However, the magnitude of speed-dependent impairment reduction in people post-stroke relative neurotypical adult patterns unknown. Objective To determine effect faster on kinematics adults similar speeds. Methods We performed a secondary analysis with data from 28 and 50 treadmill multiple evaluated effects speed group individual...

Abstract Gait biofeedback is a well-studied strategy to reduce gait impairments such as propulsion deficits or asymmetric step lengths. With biofeedback, participants alter their walking reach the desired magnitude of specific parameter (the target) with each step. Biofeedback anterior ground reaction force and length commonly used in post-stroke training these variables are associated self-selected speed, fall risk, energy cost walking. However, targets often set function an individual’s...

For people with ataxia, there are validated outcome measures to address body function and structure (BFS) impairments participation; however, no measure exists for upper extremity (UE) activity level in this population. The purpose of study was determine whether the action research arm test (ARAT), a UE other neurological conditions, might be useful capturing limitations ataxia.A total 22 participants ataxia were evaluated assess construct validity ARAT; 19 included interrater reliability...

It has been proposed that motor adaptation and subsequent savings (or faster relearning) of an adapted movement pattern are mediated by cognitive processes. Here, we evaluated the cognitive-motor interference emerges when young late middle-aged adults perform executive working memory task during locomotor adaptation. We also asked if this interferes with a newly learned walking pattern, as suggested study reaching studied split-belt treadmill in (21 ± 2 y/o) (56 6 or without secondary 2-back...

Movement flexibility and automaticity are necessary to successfully navigate different environments. When encountering difficult terrains such as a muddy trail, we can change how step almost immediately so that continue walking. This comes at cost since initially must pay deliberate attention moving. Gradually, after few minutes on the stepping becomes automatic do not need think about our movements. Canonical theory indicates adaptive motor learning mechanisms confer these essential...

Movement flexibility and automaticity are necessary to successfully navigate different environments. When encountering difficult terrains such as a muddy trail, we can change how step almost immediately so that continue walking. This comes at cost since initially must pay deliberate attention moving. Gradually, after few minutes on the stepping becomes automatic do not need think about our movements. Canonical theory indicates adaptive motor learning mechanisms confer these essential...

Abstract The effect of chronic pain on brain-predicted age is unclear. We performed secondary analyses a large cross-sectional and 3-year longitudinal data set from the Multidisciplinary Approach to Study Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network test hypothesis that pelvic accelerates brain aging rate. Brain-predicted ages 492 patients 72 controls were determined T1-weighted MRI scans used calculate gap estimation (brainAGE; − chronological age). Separate regression models whether presence could...

<title>Abstract</title> Background. Biomechanical gait impairments, such as reduced paretic propulsion, are common post-stroke. Studies have used biofeedback to increase propulsion and reduce asymmetry, but it is unclear if these changes impact overall asymmetry. There an implicit assumption that reducing asymmetry will improve symmetry, has been related numerous biomechanical impairments. However, no work investigated the of on We aimed understand how within-session in affect...

Humans are capable of learning many new walking patterns. People have learned to snowshoe up mountains, racewalk marathons, and march in precise synchrony. But what is required learn a pattern? Here, we demonstrate that people can patterns without actually walking. Through series experiments, observe stepping with only one leg facilitate an entirely pattern (i.e., split-belt treadmill walking). We find the nervous system learns from relative speed difference between legs-whether or not both...

Abstract Movement flexibility and automaticity are necessary to successfully navigate different environments. When encountering difficult terrains such as a muddy trail, we can change how step almost immediately so that continue walking. This comes at cost since initially must pay deliberate attention moving. Gradually, after few minutes on the stepping becomes automatic do not need think about our movements. Canonical theory indicates adaptive motor learning mechanisms confer these...

We thank Macpherson et al1 for their interest in our manuscript and the editors opportunity to respond. hope that continued conversation about motor learning physical therapy will lead a comprehensive understanding of what is currently known this important topic and, ultimately, produce improved patient outcomes. In response, we aim provide clarity different mechanisms how they can be used guide therapist practice education. First, agree with al these 4 (use-dependent, instructive,...

ABSTRACT Humans can learn many new walking patterns. People have learned to snowshoe up mountains, racewalk marathons, and march in precise synchrony. But what is required a pattern? Here, we demonstrate that people patterns without actually walking. Through series of experiments, observe stepping with only one leg facilitate learning an entirely pattern (i.e., split-belt treadmill walking). We find the nervous system learns from relative motion between legs – whether or not both are moving...