The orders Ascaridida, Oxyurida, and Spirurida represent major components of zooparasitic nematode diversity, including many species veterinary medical importance. Phylum-wide phylogenetic hypotheses have mainly been based on nuclear rDNA sequences, but more recently complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) gene sequences provided another source molecular information to evaluate relationships. Although there is much agreement between mtDNA phylogenies, relationships among certain clades are different....

The parasitic Platyhelminthes (Neodermata) contains three groups of flatworms, each having a unique morphology, and life style: Monogenea (primarily ectoparasitic), Trematoda (endoparasitic flukes), Cestoda tapeworms). evolutionary origin complex cyles (multiple obligate hosts, as found in Cestoda) endo-/ecto-parasitism these is still under debate questions can be resolved, only if the phylogenetic position within Neodermata clade correctly estimated. To test interrelationships major...

Abstract The Japanese sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka 1867) is an economically important species as a source of seafood and ingredient in traditional medicine. It mainly found off the coasts northeast Asia. Recently, substantial exploitation widespread biotic diseases A. have generated increasing conservation concern. However, genomic knowledge base resources available for researchers to use managing this natural resource establish genetically based breeding systems aquaculture...

Alternative transcriptional initiation (ATI) refers to the frequent observation that one gene has multiple transcription start sites (TSSs). Although this phenomenon is thought be adaptive, specific advantage rarely known. Here, we propose each optimal TSS and ATI arises primarily from imprecise could deleterious. This error hypothesis predicts (i) diversity of a reduces with its expression level; (ii) fractional use major increases, but minor decreases, (iii) cis-elements for TSSs are...

In recent decades, great strides have been made using various kinds of data including molecular sequences to clarify the phylogenetic relationships nematodes. Although SSU rDNA are among most widely used markers in nematode phylogeny, there areas within Nematoda that do not seem amenable resolution by this single nuclear gene. The use complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is an alternative and powerful method for inferring phylogenies frequently Here we present overview contributions...

Abstract Background The nematode infraorder Tylenchomorpha (Class Chromadorea) includes plant parasites that are of agricultural and economic importance, as well insect-associates fungal feeding species. Among tylenchomorph parasites, members the superfamily Tylenchoidea, such root-knot nematodes, have great impact on agriculture. Of five superfamilies within Tylenchomorpha, one (Aphelenchoidea) mainly fungal-feeding species, but also some damaging pathogens, including certain...

Many molluscan species exhibit a high degree of shell morphological plasticity in their shape (including sculptures), size and colour patterns, which can vary significantly depending on environmental conditions. These variations make it challenging to differentiate species, based morphology alone, often resulting various taxonomic errors, such as misidentifications, overlooking cryptic diversity or plethora nominal species. The genus Siphonaria constitutes significant component the...

Recent progress in molecular techniques has generated a wealth of information for phylogenetic analysis. Among metazoans all but single phylum have been incorporated into some sort However, the minute and rare species Loricifera remained elusive to systematists. Here we report first sequence data (nearly complete 18S rRNA) member Loricifera, Pliciloricus sp. from Korea. The new were analyzed together with 52 other ecdysozoan sequences, phyla represented by three or more sequences. set was...

The Syndermata (Rotifera+Acanthocephala) is one of the best model systems for studying evolutionary origins and persistence different life styles because it contains a series lineage-specific histories: Monogononta (cyclic parthenogenetic free-living), Bdelloidea (entirely mostly benthic dweller), Seisonidea (exclusively bisexual epizoic or ectoparasitic), Acanthocephala (sexual obligatory endoparasitic). Providing phylogenetic resolution to question Eurotatoria (Monogononta Bdelloidea)...

Kim, S., Park, M.‐H., Jung, J.‐H., Ahn, D.‐H., Sultana, T., J.‐K., Choi, H.‐G. & Min, G.‐S. (2012). The mitochondrial genomes of Cambaroides similis and Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae): the phylogenetic implications for Reptantia. — Zoologica Scripta , 41 281–292. We determined complete (mt) genome sequences two northern hemisphere freshwater crayfish species, Cambaridae). These species have an identical gene order with typical metazoan mt compositions. However,...

The Yangtze (Changjiang) River enters the East China Sea with huge annual freshwater and sediment deposits. This outflow, known as Changjiang diluted water (CDW), causes striking ecological gradients that potentially shape coastal species' distribution differentiation. CDW has long been rendered a marine biogeographic boundary separating cold-temperature warm-water faunas, but it remains unclear whether to what extent acts an intraspecific barrier. Here, we synthesize published...

Western blotting (WB) analysis is the most popular and widely used methodology for protein detection characterization over recent decades. In accordance with advancement of technologies acquisition WB signals, a quantitative value to present abundance target proteins in complex sample, thereby requiring use specific as internal references that represent total proteins. Heretofore, encoded by housekeeping genes such GAPDH, β‐tubulin β‐actin have been commonly loading controls without any...

The A canthocephala is a phylum of obligate endoparasitic animals comprising four classes ( rchiacanthocephala, P alaeacanthocephala, E oacanthocephala and olyacanthocephala), although the phylogenetic interrelationships these still remains unresolved. To investigate relationships major acanthocephalan groups, we characterized complete mitochondrial genome sequences two palaeacanthocephalan species C entrorhynchus aluconis rosthorhynchus transversus (representing different families order...

In an attempt to determine the prevalence of pinworm infection, egg positive rate Enterobius vermicularis was examined using adhesive cello-tape anal swab method in 1,512 preschool children sampled from a total 20 kindergartens Cheongju city, November December 2004 (951 13 kindergartens) and September October 2005 (561 7 kindergartens). The overall found be 7.9% (119/1,512); 9.3% (73/784) for boys 6.3% (46/728) girls, respectively. 5-year age group evidenced highest (10.9%, 47/430) among...

Abstract The southern coast of Australia is composed three distinct biogeographic provinces distinguished primarily by intertidal community composition. Several ecological mechanisms have been proposed to explain their formation and persistence, but no consensus has reached. marine clam L asaea australis arguably the most common bivalve on A ustralian rocky shores occurs in all provinces. Here, we tested if this species exhibits cryptic genetic structuring corresponding so, what potentially...

The present-day genetic structure of a species reflects both historical demography and patterns contemporary gene flow among populations. To precisely understand how these factors shape current population the northwestern (NW) Pacific marine gastropod, Thais clavigera, we determined partial nucleotide sequences mitochondrial COI for 602 individuals sampled from 29 localities spanning almost whole distribution T. clavigera in NW Ocean (~3,700 km). Results demographic analyses (AMOVA,...

Within the nematode class C hromadorea, suborder T ylenchina is an ecologically and morphologically diverse assemblage of nematodes that includes free‐living microbivores, fungivores various types plant parasites. A recent classification system based largely on SSU r DNA phylogenetic trees classified to include four infraorders: Panagrolaimomorpha, ephalobomorpha, ylenchomorpha D rilonematomorpha, relationships among species these infraorders have not always been robustly supported. In this...