Flexible direct conversion X-ray detectors enable a variety of novel applications in medicine, industry, and science. Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite semiconductors containing elements high atomic number combine an efficient absorption with excellent charge transport properties. Due to their additional cost-effective low-temperature processability, represent promising candidates be used as active materials flexible detectors. Inspired by the results recently reported on that are based...

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) bear a huge potential for widespread applications, such as color conversion, X-ray scintillators, and active laser media. However, the poor intrinsic stability high susceptibility to environmental stimuli including moisture oxygen have become bottlenecks of PNC materials commercialization. Appropriate barrier material design can efficiently improve PNCs. Particularly, strategy packaging PNCs in organosilicon matrixes integrate advantages inorganic-oxide-based...

Spectroscopic x-ray imaging by means of photon counting detectors has received growing interest during the past years. Critical to image quality such devices is their pixel pitch and sensor material employed. This paper describes properties Medipix2 MXR multi-chip assemblies bump bonded 1 mm thick CdTe sensors. Two systems were investigated with pitches 110 165 μm, which are in order mean free path lengths characteristic x-rays produced Peak widths found be almost constant across energy...

The spectroscopic performance of photon counting detectors is limited by the effects charge sharing between neighboring pixels and emission characteristic X-rays. For these reasons, an event can be either missed or counted more than once. These become a concern when pixel pitches are reduced, for technology available so far, this meant that there would always trade-off high spatial spectral resolution. In work, we present first measurements obtained with new Medipix3RX ASIC, which features...

Spectroscopic x-ray imaging based on pixellated semiconductor detectors can be sensitive to charge sharing and K-fluorescence, depending the sensor material used, its thickness pixel pitch employed. As a consequence, spectroscopic resolution is partially lost. In this paper, we study new detector ASIC, Medipix3RX, that offers novel feature called summing, which established by making adjacent pixels communicate with each other. Consequently, single photon interactions resulting in multiple...

High resistivity gallium arsenide is considered a suitable sensor material for spectroscopic X-ray imaging detectors. These sensors typically have thicknesses between few hundred μm and 1 mm to ensure high photon detection efficiency. However, small pixel sizes down several tens of μm, an effect called charge sharing reduces detector's performance. The recently developed Medipix3RX readout chip overcomes this limitation by implementing summing circuit, which allows the reconstruction full...

One key event in insect evolution was the development of mandibles with two joints, which allowed powerful biting but restricted their movement to a single degree freedom. These define Dicondylia, constitute over 99% all extant species. It common doctrine that dicondylic articulation chewing remained unaltered for more than 400 million years. We report highly modified overcoming restrictions freedom and hypothesize major role diversification. are defining features parasitoid chalcid wasps,...

Here we describe a new specimen of Archaeopteryx sp. from the lower Tithonian Mörnsheim Formation in Franconian Alb Bavaria, Germany. This fossil is third avialan found this formation. The skeleton comprises right forelimb and shoulder as well fragments left both hind limbs. lengths humerus ulna are most similar to those Munich . Despite having been massively altered by late diagenesis, it can be referred sp., based on morphology furcula, coracoid, radius, manual ungual, which nests within...

Here we describe a new specimen of Archaeopteryx sp. from the lower Tithonian Mörnsheim Formation in Franconian Alb Bavaria, Germany. This fossil is third avialan found this formation. The skeleton comprises right forelimb and shoulder as well fragments left both hind limbs. lengths humerus ulna are most similar to those Munich . Despite having been massively altered by late diagenesis, it can be referred sp., based on morphology furcula, coracoid, radius, manual ungual, which nests within...

This investigation showcases the viability of producing SixGe1−x bulk single crystals via Czochralski technique. A high Si content in Ge-rich SiGe wafers is highly desirable for various applications quantum technology, particularly as strain-relaxed buffers realization hole spin qubits strained Ge well heterostructures. The focus lies on crystal growth such materials and their chemical structural quality. For this, process, starting from a pure seed melt, utilizing continuous feeding by...

Understanding the stress recovery of trees, particularly with respect to increasing droughts due climate change, is crucial. An often-overlooked aspect how short versus long drought events high intensity (i.e., low and dose) result in damage affect post-stress recovery. This study examines dynamics 3-year-old Picea abies following a (n = 5) 18 days or 9) 51 during late summer. We assessed canopy conductance tree transpiration linked i) terms minimum water potential, ii) duration inferred by...

Primary and secondary sexual characters of Mesostigmata are often used in species descriptions phylogenetic analyses. The use these has been focused almost exclusively on external structures. Digital 3D reconstruction based synchrotron X-ray microtomography (SR-μCT) data allowed a comparative investigation the structure an internal system, female genital atrium, mite lineage Uropodina (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata). Despite substantial variability observed structures, general model for...

For clinical X-ray imaging, the detector performance under high flux conditions is very important, with typical rates for modern CT systems reaching 109 photons s−1 mm−2 in direct beam. In addition, spectral imaging a good energy resolution these needed. This poses difficulties, since pulse pileup pixel electronics does not only affect count rate, leading to deviation from otherwise linear behavior, but also degrades response of detector, making k-edge subtraction and other contrast...

Correlated x-ray diffraction imaging and light microscopy provide a conclusive picture of three-dimensional dislocation arrangements on the micrometer scale. The characterization includes bulk crystallographic properties like Burgers vectors determines links to structural features at surface. Based this approach, we study here thermally induced slip-band formation prior mechanical damage in Si wafers. Mobilization multiplication preexisting dislocations are identified as dominating...

Abstract GaAs and CdTe pixel detectors have been developed over the last few decades. The applications of these include X‐ gamma‐ray working at room temperature. Fundamental properties such as detection efficiency noise are determined by material sensor material. Different materials evaluated years in search best choice for different types radiation. This article describes single photon processing using Medipix electronics.

Abstract A variety of medical, industrial, and scientific applications requires highly sensitive cost-effective x-ray detectors for photon energies ranging from keV to MeV. Adapting the thickness polycrystalline or single crystal conversion layers especially high-energy increases complexity fabrication potentially decreases performance conventional direct detectors. To tackle challenges with respect active layer combine superior materials low-cost nature layers, we investigate thin film...

Abstract Turbinals are key bony elements of the mammalian nasal cavity, involved in heat and moisture conservation as well olfaction. While turbinals known some groups, their diversity is poorly understood at scale placental mammals, which span 21 orders. Here, we investigated turbinal bones associated lamellae for one representative each extant order mammals. We segmented isolated independent lamella found an important variation number turbinals, size, shape. that count varies widely, from...

Hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors are considered of high interest for synchrotron applications like diffraction and imaging experiments. However, at photon energies above 30 keV, high-Z sensor materials have to be used due the weak absorption most commonly material, instance silicon wafers with a thickness few hundred μm. Besides CdTe Ge, semi-insulating, chromium compensated SI-GaAs(Cr) proves promising material X-rays in mid-energy range up ~60 keV. In this work, characterisation by...

High resistivity, chromium compensated gallium arsenide (HR-GaAs:Cr) has recently shown to be a promising sensor material for X-ray detectors due its high fully active volume, the good electron transport properties and absorption photon energies up around 40 keV. These make this favorable candidate producing sensors counting imaging detectors. Such detector systems have also gained increasing attention used flux applications as found at synchrotrons or in medical like computed tomography....

Non-destructive imaging techniques can be extremely useful tools for the investigation and assessment of palaeontological objects, as mechanical preparation rare valuable fossils is precluded in most cases. However, palaeontologists are often faced with problem choosing a method among wide range available techniques. In this case study, we employ x-ray computed tomography (CT) laminography (CL) to study first fossil xiphosuran from Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) Netherlands. The embedded...

Of all drying processes, freeze (FD) generally produces products of the best quality. Major drawbacks are high costs and process times. In order to overcome disadvantages, serial combinations with other processes discussed. FD as a predrying can have beneficial influence on subsequent such an improved mass transport better structure preservation. This study aims clarify mechanisms that lead these phenomena by investigation development 3-D pore structures cone-beam micro-CT. Carrot discs were...