Abstract This article examines some of the basic questions about silicon module recycling: (1) What can be recovered from modules? (2) recycling technologies are needed? (3) potential revenues for different scenarios? And (4) what major challenges Three scenarios considered: reuse, component extraction, and material extraction. Recycling process sequences outlined. The discussions conclude that reuse generates highest revenue with fewest processing steps, while extraction leads to lowest...

The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries will result in an increasing flow of spent batteries, which must be recycled to prevent environmental and health problems, while helping mitigate the raw materials dependence risks shortage promoting a circular economy. Combining pyrometallurgical hydrometallurgical recycling approaches has been focus recent studies, since it can bring many advantages. In this work, effects incineration on leaching efficiency metals from EV LIBs were evaluated....

The effects of pyrolysis on the composition battery cell materials as a function treatment time and temperature were investigated. Waste Li-ion batteries was pyrolyzed in nitrogen atmosphere at 400, 500, 600, 700 °C for 30, 60, 90 min. Thermodynamic calculations carbothermic reduction active LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2 by graphite gas products performed compared to experimental data. Ni, Mn, Co (NMC) cathode recovered from spent also studied. results indicate that organic compounds are oxidized...

The rising demand for lithium batteries is challenging battery producers to increase their production. This causing an accumulation of production scrap which must be treated allow re-utilization cathode material in Several industrial recycling processes use thermal pre-treatment oxidative or inert atmosphere, a vacuum, separate the components and remove organic material. However, comparison effects incineration, dynamic pyrolysis (under constant flow gas), under vacuum on microstructure...

The growing demand for energy storage devices due to the skyrocketing production/consumption of portable electrical and electronic equipment as well electric vehicles has promoted battery technologies, resulting in piling a large number waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Organic binders wrapped on electrode particles are usually main reason that causes difficulty liberation extraction materials. Pyrolysis or incineration is general approach separate organic binder, leading fluorinated...

The increase in the manufacturing of copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) thin film photovoltaics is accompanied by a growing amount production waste, which contains mixture valuable, critical and hazardous elements. However, industrial recovery reuse processes these elements for new are still absent. In this paper, possibility using benign leaching conditions recovering mainly silver indium from waste flexible CIGS solar cells was investigated, along with contamination levels other...

The electrolyte in spent Li-ion batteries is prone to cause a high risk of hazardous emissions (HF, etc.) the state-of-the-art recycling processes. It main source fire risks and represents significant burden for recyclers due safety. Still, extended research fully recycle without its destruction at elevated temperature scarce. This study focuses on extraction from LiBs using sub- supercritical carbon dioxide fill this gap. effects critical process parameters, pressure (60–120 bar), (15–55...

While the share of solar energy harvesting by photovoltaic (PV) systems in electricity production increases, their recycling still remains mainly at an early stage. Therefore, valuable and critical elements like silver (Ag) indium (In) are lost along with end life waste, highlighting need for simple sustainable solutions which could be easily implemented industry. In our research, we suggest a environmentally method to selectively recover Ag Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) particles from flexible...

Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries contain high amount of industrial metals, especially iron, nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements. Although the battery waste is a considerable secondary source for metal chemical industries, recycling process requires suitable pretreatment method before proceeding with recovery step to reclaim all valuable In this study, AA- AAA-type spent NiMH were ground then sieved size measurement classification. Chemical composition black mass sorted six different...

Indium (In) is the indispensable part of liquid crystal display (LCD) screen which applied as a thin semiconductor layer on surface mainly in form indium tin oxide (ITO), and feasible end-of-life recycling from this electronic devices technologically challenging. The present study investigates recovery spent untreated by inorganic organic leaching. Critical process parameters such effects different acids, leaching duration, reusability acidic solution both sides layers LCD were studied to...

Electrolyte recovery is seldomly considered in state-of-art lithium-ion battery recycling methods but rather evaporates and decomposes uncontrolled during the pre-treatment steps. However, controlled safe removal of electrolyte inevitable high importance to industry minimize environmental impact processes by preventing severe threats produced inflammable, toxic hazardous components electrolyte. This study investigated effects temperature process time a low thermal treatment on recovery. The...

The chemical forms of zinc in fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) crucially affect management, influencing both material recovery options and the risk unwanted leaching into ecosystems. speciation was investigated samples sourced full-scale MSWI plants, including four grate fired boilers (GB) one fluidized bed boiler (FB). We applied X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), spectra were analyzed against a unique library over 30 relevant compounds, tailored to nuances chemistry...

Considerable effort has been put over the last few decades into clarifying correct design and analysis of split-plot factorial experiments. However, information found in literature is scattered sometimes still not easy to grasp for non-experts. Because importance split-plots industry fact that any experimenter may need use them at some point, a detailed step-by-step guide collecting all available on fundamental methodology one place was deemed necessary. More specifically, this paper...

Ethylene carbonate is, among other applications, used in Li-ion batteries as an electrolyte solvent to dissociate Li-salt. Supercritical CO2 extraction is a promising method for the recycling of solvents from spent batteries. To design process, knowledge solute solubility essential. In this work, ethylene at different pressure (80–160 bar) and temperature (40 °C, 60 °C) conditions studied. It shown that increased with both temperatures, ranging 0.24 8.35 g/kg CO2. The retrieved data were...

The electric vehicle market is expected to grow substantially in the coming years, which puts new requirements on end-of-life phase and recycling systems. To a larger extent, environmental footprint from these vehicles related raw material extraction production, and, consequently, material- energy-efficient 3R system (reuse, remanufacturing, recycling) urgently needed. ability understand model design development of such therefore becomes important. This study contributes this by identifying...