The electrolyte in spent Li-ion batteries is prone to cause a high risk of hazardous emissions (HF, etc.) the state-of-the-art recycling processes. It main source fire risks and represents significant burden for recyclers due safety. Still, extended research fully recycle without its destruction at elevated temperature scarce. This study focuses on extraction from LiBs using sub- supercritical carbon dioxide fill this gap. effects critical process parameters, pressure (60–120 bar), (15–55...

A new tri-n-butylphosphate–nitric acid (TBP–HNO3) adduct was prepared by combining TBP and fuming (90%) HNO3. The characterized, its phase-equilibrium behavior in supercritical carbon dioxide is reported. Supercritical (sc-CO2) modified with this [TBP(HNO3)5.2(H2O)1.7], the extraction efficacies of selected rare earth oxides (Y, Ce, Eu, Tb, Dy) at 338 K 34.5 MPa were compared those obtained using an formed from concentrated (70%) HNO3 [TBP(HNO3)1.7(H2O)0.6]. All tested both species could be...

Absolute rate constants for the free-radical-induced degradation of trichloronitromethane (TCNM, chloropicrin) were determined using electron pulse radiolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy. Rate hydroxyl radical, *OH, hydrated electron, e(aq)-, reactions (4.97 +/- 0.28) x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1) (2.13 0.03) 10(10) s(-1), respectively. It appears that *OH adds to nitro-group, while e(aq)- reacts via dissociative attachment give two carbon centered radicals. The mechanisms these free radical...

In situ investigations of electrocatalytic processes increasing societal interest such as the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) require aggressive experimental conditions that are not readily compatible with surface sensitive techniques attenuated total reflection enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS). A method for performing ATR-SEIRAS studies at very negative potentials where conventional IR-active films delaminate and fail is reported. The relies on a thin film robust...

Halonitromethanes are disinfection-byproducts formed during ozonation and chlorine/chloramine treatment of waters that contain bromide ion natural organic matter. In this study, the chemical kinetics free-radical-induced degradations a series halonitromethanes were determined. Absolute rate constants for hydroxyl radical, *OH, hydrated electron, e(aq)-, reaction with both chlorinated brominated measured using techniques electron pulse radiolysis transient absorption spectroscopy. The...

Rare earth elements (REEs) are vital to modern, high-tech devices. Recycling REEs from post-consumer electronics can potentially diminish supply chain risks. Toward that end, liquid–liquid solvent extraction of various was investigated with tetrabutyl diglycolamide (TBDGA) in 1-octanol hydrochloric acid media. Metal partitioning the organic phase shown increase as [Cl−] increased. In contrast, increasing [H+] did not improve extraction. The use polar diluent provided high efficiency,...

Many researchers have studied the extraction of lanthanides with tributyl phosphate in supercritical carbon dioxide. Potential applications include enhanced or separation from ores and recycled materials by making use unique solvation properties CO2. In some cases, has been used to extract their solid nitrate salt form solutions. other phosphate/nitric acid adducts oxides, hydroxides, ores, phosphors, magnets, waste batteries. Flow-through-type experiments useful for measuring kinetics...

The electrochemical production of rare earth metals (REMs) in ionic liquids (ILs) has received much attention as a promising, sustainable replacement to molten salt electrolysis. Water additives have been suggested promoting strategy for the liquid process; however, fundamental understanding interfacial processes required assess overall viability REM is lacking. In this regard, full investigation impact water on dysprosium (Dy) electrodeposition pyrrolidinium triflate (BMPyOTf) was carried...

Samples of clean soil from the source used to backfill pits at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory´s Radioactive Waste Management Complex were spiked with 239 Pu 241 Am evaluate ligand-assisted supercritical fluid extraction as a decontamination method. The actual in has been subject approximately three decades weathering since it was originally contaminated. No surrogate can perfectly simulate real event, but contaminated not available for research purposes. However,...

The viscosities of mixtures pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids saturated with compressed CO2 were measured using a high-pressure viscometer at three different temperatures (298.15, 318.15, and 338.15 K). 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ([C3C1Pyr]), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ([C4C1Pyr]), 1-hexyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ([C6C1Pyr]) cations common anion, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([NTf2]), up to maximum pressure 25 MPa. These ranged from 3.3 98.3 mPa·s. the liquid/CO2 dramatically...

Halonitromethanes (HNMs) are byproducts formed through ozonation and chlorine/ chloramine disinfection processes in drinking waters that contain dissolved organic matter bromide ions. These species occur at low concentration but have been determined to high cytotoxicity mutagenicity therefore may represent a human health hazard. In this study, we investigated the chemistry involved mineralization of HNMs nonhazardous inorganic products application advanced oxidation reduction processes. We...

The speciation and spatial distribution of arsenic on rusted steel surfaces affect both measurement removal approaches. chemistry residing in the rust ton containers that held chemical warfare agents bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (sulfur mustard) 2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine (Lewisite) is particular interest, because while have been decontaminated, residual could pose a health or environmental risk. samples were probed using imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), X-ray photoelectron...

Ionic liquids (ILs) nanostructuring at electrified interfaces is of both fundamental and practical interest as these materials are increasingly gaining prominence in energy storage conversion processes. However, much remains unresolved about IL potential-controlled (re)organization under highly polarized interfaces, mostly due to the difficulty selectively probing distal proximal surface layers adsorbed ions. In this work, structural dynamics innermost layer (<10 nm from surface) were...

Summary The behavior of Np and Pu on soil collected from the subsurface disposal area at Idaho National Engineering Environmental Laboratory was investigated by performing short-duration, sorption experiments to measure isotherms. Neptunium can be described with a Freundlich isotherm; however, only in this fashion as conservative estimate minimum sorption. Geochemical modeling predictions suggest that initial is controlled predominantly surface complexation clay minerals, while competition...

The high-pressure vapor–liquid equilibrium for the binary systems of carbon dioxide (CO2) and a series 1-alkyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids ([CnC1pyr][NTf2] (n = 3,4,6)) are reported at 298.15, 318.15, 338.15 K pressures up to 20 MPa. Experiments were conducted using gravimetric (IGA XEMIS microbalances) volumetric (high-pressure view cell) methods. solubility CO2 in increases with decreasing temperature increasing pressure. also slightly alkyl chain...

Summary The behavior of strontium and cesium on soil from the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) Idaho National Engineering Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), located Snake River Plain southern Idaho, USA, was investigated using sequential aqueous extractions batch sorption methods over six orders magnitude in ion concentration. Sequential revealed that most Sr is retained operationally-defined exchangeable carbonate fractions, while Cs predominantly found residual fraction....