This review suggests why some discs degenerate rather than age normally. Intervertebral are avascular pads of fibrocartilage that allow movement between vertebral bodies. Human have a low cell density and limited ability to adapt mechanical demands. With increasing age, the matrix becomes yellowed, fibrous, brittle, but if disc structure remains intact, there is little impairment in function, minimal ingrowth blood vessels or nerves. Approximately half old lumbar sense becoming physically...

Abstract Nerves and blood vessels are found in the peripheral annulus endplates of healthy adult intervertebral discs. Degenerative changes can allow these to grow inwards become associated with discogenic pain, but it is not yet clear how far, why, they in. Previously we have shown that physical disruption disc matrix, which a defining feature degeneration, creates free surfaces lose proteoglycans water, so physically chemically conducive cell migration. We now hypothesise nerves...

The belief that an intervertebral disc must degenerate before it can herniate has clinical and medicolegal significance, but lacks scientific validity. We hypothesised tissue changes in herniated discs differ from those without herniation. Tissues were obtained at surgery 21 11 non-herniated of similar degeneration as assessed by the Pfirrmann grade. Thin sections graded histologically, certain features quantified using immunofluorescence combined with confocal microscopy image analysis....

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a poorly understood deformity of the thoracolumbar spine which affects intervertebral discs (IVDs) and articular facet joints. The knowledge concerning joints in this context very limited, although joint degeneration known contributor back pain. In study, comprehensive investigation was performed to characterize chondrocytes extracellular matrix within scoliotic spine. Surgically removed tissues were collected from patients undergoing spinal...

Abstract To test the hypothesis that physical disruption of an intervertebral disc disturbs cell-matrix binding, leading to cell clustering and increased expression matrix degrading enzymes contribute towards degenerative phenotype. Lumbar tissue was removed at surgery from 21 patients with herniation, 11 degeneration, 8 adolescent scoliosis. 5 μm sections were examined histology, 30-µm by confocal microscopy. Antibodies used against integrin α5beta1, metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, MMP-3,...

Pre and post-fixed variations at roots of the brachial plexus have been well documented, however little is known about that exist in branches which arise from plexus. In this paper, we describe one such rare variation related to dorsal scapular long thoracic nerve, are arising The was found during routine dissection. routinely arises fifth cervical nerve root (C5), seen receive contributions C5 as sixth (C6), while arose C6 seventh nerves (C7) only. Furthermore along with origin nerves, a...

Ulnar nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus. In front forearm, normally near wrist joint, it gives dorsal cutaneous which supplies skin dorsum hand.The present case reports very rare finding, ulnar along with main trunk originated between two heads flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, after descending medial border forearm extensor surface, on aspect divided into three branches, one and lateral. The most division received communicating from superficial ramus continued as proper digital little...

The greatest risk factors for intervertebral disc degeneration are age, spinal level, excessive mechanical loading and genetic inheritance, a major cell-mediated change that occurs during is increased cell clustering. In fact, clusters formations histological hallmark behind degeneration, yet systematic review focusing on the of unknown. Therefore, main purpose this article to discuss role cluster in degeneration.

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) algorithm identifies end stage severely degenerated disc as ‘black’, and a moderately degenerate to non-degenerated ‘white’. MRI is based on signal intensity changes that loss of proteoglycans, water, general radial bulging but lacks association with microscopic features such fissure, endplate damage, persistent inflammatory catabolism facilitates proteoglycan leading ultimate collapse annulus neo-innervation vascularization, an indicator pain....

Cell clusters are a histological hallmark feature of intervertebral disc degeneration. Clusters arise from cell proliferation, associated with replicative senescence, and remain metabolically, but their precise role in various stages degeneration obscure. The aim this study was therefore to investigate small, medium, large size cell-clusters. For purpose, human samples were collected 55 subjects, aged 37-72 years, 21 patients had herniation, 10 degenerated non-herniated discs, 9 degenerative...

Abstract Cell clusters are a histological hallmark feature of intervertebral disc degeneration. Clusters arise from cell proliferation, associated with replicative senescence, and remain metabolically active. Their precise role in stages degeneration obscure. The aim this study was therefore to investigate small, medium, large size cell-clusters during For purpose, human samples were collected 55 subjects, aged 37-72 years, 21 patients had herniation, 10 degenerated non-herniated discs, 9...

Abstract Cell clusters are a histological hallmark feature of adversely loaded aging intervertebral discs. Clusters arising from cell proliferation associated with replicative senescence, remain metabolically active and accumulate over time but their precise role in increasing grades disc degeneration remains obscure. The aim this study was therefore to investigate small, medium, large size cell-clusters during degeneration, or innate tissue repair response. For purpose, human samples were...