The behavioral tasks aiming to evaluate learning and memory mechanisms currently available zebrafish (Danio rerio) involve long training sessions frequently along multiple days are based on shuttle box or active-avoidance protocols, preventing a detailed analysis of cellular molecular time-dependent processes involved in acquisition consolidation. In order explore zebrafish's potential contribution the characterization machinery underlying rapidly acquired reliable paradigms necessary. this...

The promoting effects of diets varying both in type and amount fat on N-nitrosomethylurea [(NMU) CAS: 684-93-5]-induced mammary tumorigenesis were assessed female inbred F344 rats. Two seed oils (safflower corn) two fruit (olive coconut), widely their diene, monoene, saturated fatty acid ratios, fed the casein-based AIN-76A at 23% [high-fat (HF) diet] 5% [low-fat (LF) by weight, with exception coconut oil which was only 23%. predominant safflower corn linoleic (82 56%, respectively), while...

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders inherited in an autosomal recessive or dominant mode. Caveolin-3, the muscle-specific member caveolin gene family, implicated pathogenesis limb 1C. Here we report on 4-year-old girl presenting with myalgia muscle cramps due to caveolin-3 deficiency her dystrophic skeletal as result heterozygous 136G→A substitution gene. The novel sporadic missense mutation signature sequence changes alanine...

Abstract Pathological microglia activation can promote neuroinflammation in many neurodegenerative diseases, and it has therefore emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Increasing evidence suggests alterations lipid metabolism modulators indicators its effector functions. Yet, how dynamics activated is affected by inflammatory stimuli demands additional investigation to allow development of more effective therapies. Here, we report an extensive matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization...

Down's syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation, and memory impairments are more severe in DS than if not all other causes retardation. The Ts65Dn mouse, a genetic model DS, exhibits phenotypes including indicative hippocampal dysfunction. We examined functional synaptic connectivity area CA3 hippocampus mice using organotypic slice cultures as model. found reductions multiple measures function both excitatory inhibitory inputs to pyramidal neurons hippocampus. However,...

Functional diversification of body parts is dependent on the formation specialized structures along various axes. In animals,region-specific morphogenesis anteroposterior axis controlled by a group conserved transcription factors encoded Hox genes. Although it has long been assumed that proteins carry out their function regulating distinct sets downstream genes, only small number such genes have found, with very few having direct roles in controlling cellular behavior. We quantitatively...

Zebrafish has been increasingly used in behavioral studies, but data can present high variability. Most studies have performed using isolated zebrafish, despite their interactive nature and shoaling behavior. We compared adult zebrafish behavior cortisol levels after exposure to novelty as well sensitivity Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures animals tested individually or groups of three (triplets). In the exploratory task, from single fish triplets were not significantly different,...

Background and Purpose D own's syndrome is a common genetic cause of intellectual disability, for which there are no drug therapies. Mechanistic studies in model [ T s65 n ( TS ) mice] demonstrated that impaired cognitive function was due to excessive neuronal inhibitory tone. These deficits were normalized by low doses GABA A receptor antagonists adult animals. In this study, we explore the therapeutic potential pentylenetetrazole, antagonist with history safe use humans. Experimental...

Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disorder caused by third chromosome 21 in humans (Trisomy 21), leading to neurological deficits and cognitive impairment. Studies mouse models of DS suggest that the adult are associated with synaptic learning memory mechanisms, but it unclear whether alterations early wiring refinement neuronal circuits contribute these deficits. Here, we show visual perturbed syndrome. Specifically, find excessive eye-specific segregation retinal axons dorsal lateral...

Histone acetylation, a type of chromatin modification that allows increased gene transcription and can be pharmacologically promoted by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis), has been consistently associated with promoting memory formation in the hippocampus. The basolateral nucleus amygdala (BLA) is brain area crucially involved enabling hormones drugs to influence formation. Here, we show BLA activity required for enhancement intrahippocampal administration an HDACi. Two different...

Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause muscular dystrophy as well cognitive impairments, including an abnormal dark-adapted electroretinogram. To investigate basis for ocular phenotype, we analysed and dystrophin-associated protein beta-dystroglycan retinae from mdx3Cv mice. This strain has a mutation abnormalities electroretinogram which are similar to those of patients. Despite overall reduction all isoforms retinal tissue mutant mice, observed no apparent change histotypic layering...

Transcription of structural genes required for phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is repressed by high concentrations inositol and choline. The ICRE (inositol/choline-responsive element), which necessary sufficient regulation precursors, functions as a binding site heterodimeric Ino2/Ino4 activator. ICRE-dependent transcription becomes constitutive absence Opi1 repressor. contains leucine zipper motif two glutamine-rich stretches. In this work we describe...

Here we show that a systemic injection of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) sodium butyrate (NaB) immediately after training in step-down inhibitory avoidance task produced an enhancement memory consolidation persisted across consecutive retention tests during 14 days aged rats, while it did not significantly affect young adults. Control and adult rats showed comparable basal levels retention. Our results suggest HDACis can display memory-enhancing effects specific for animals, even...

The distribution of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex was investigated in rabbit and rat retina by using monoclonal antibody 43DAG/8D5, which specifically recognizes β-dystroglycan, a central component complex. In cryostat sections retinae from both species, authors observed staining blood vessels, continuous labeling around vitreal border, strong immunoreactivity outer plexiform layer (OPL). Electron microscopy showed that associated with border result subcellular concentration...

Mutations in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex cause muscle degeneration and dysfunctions central nervous system, including an impaired synaptic transmission outer plexiform layer (OPL) of retina. To investigate basis for this ocular phenotype, we analyzed distribution beta-dystroglycan, a member complex, chick retina by using 43DAG/8D5 monoclonal antibody. This antibody reacted specifically with as indicated its staining neuromuscular junction, reactivity single 43-kilodalton band Western...

Dystroglycan is a central component of dystrophin–glycoprotein complex that links extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton in skeletal muscle. Although dystrophic chicken well established as an animal model human muscular dystrophy, the pathomechanism leading to degeneration remains unknown. We show here glycosylation laminin‐binding activity α‐dystroglycan (α‐DG) are defective chicken. Extensive glycan structural analysis reveals Galβ1‐3GalNAc GalNAc residues increased while Siaα2‐3Gal...