Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most commonly treated female reproductive tract affliction, characterized by displacement of healthy lactobacilli an overgrowth pathogenic bacteria. BV can contribute to inflammation, preterm birth, and susceptibility sexually transmitted infections. As bacteria responsible for pathogenicity their interactions with host immunity are not understood, we sought evaluate effects BV-associated on epithelia. Here have interaction between measuring cytokine defensin...

ABSTRACT Salmonella spp. are carried by and can acutely infect agricultural animals humans. After ingestion, salmonellae traverse the upper digestive tract initiate tissue invasion of distal ileum, a virulence process out type III secretion system encoded within pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). Salmonellae coordinate SPI-1 expression with anatomical location via environmental cues, one which is bile, complex fluid that causes potent repression genes. The individual components bile responsible...

Successful colonization by enteric pathogens is contingent upon effective interactions with the host and resident microbiota. These thus respond to integrate myriad signals control virulence. Long-chain fatty acids repress virulence of important Salmonella enterica Vibrio cholerae repressing AraC-type transcriptional regulators in pathogenicity islands. While several are known be repressive, we show here that cis-2-unsaturated acids, a rare chemical class used as diffusible signal factors...

Colanic acid is a glycopolymer loosely associated with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli that plays role in pathogen survival. For nearly six decades since its discovery, functional identities enzymes necessary to synthesize colanic have yet be assessed full. Herein, we developed method for detecting lipid-linked intermediates from each step biosynthesis E. coli. The accumulation enzyme product was made possible by inactivating sequential genes involved and upregulating operon inducing...

The enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), a three-sugar repeat unit polysaccharide produced by Enterobacteriaceae family members, impacts bacterial outer membrane permeability, and its biosynthesis affects the glycan landscape of organism. ECA synthesis production other polysaccharides reducing availability shared substrates, most notable which is 55-carbon polyisoprenoid bactoprenyl phosphate (BP), serves as carrier for numerous glycans including ECA, peptidoglycan, O-antigen, more. Here,...

Virulence functions of bacterial pathogens are often energetically costly and thus subjected to intricate regulatory mechanisms. In Salmonella, invasion the intestinal epithelium, an essential early step in virulence, requires production a multi-protein type III secretion apparatus. The pathogen mitigates overall cost by inducing it only fraction its population. This constitutes successful virulence strategy as small number is sufficient promote proliferation non-invading majority. Such...

ABSTRACT Nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus is a risk factor for pathogenic autoinfection, particularly in postoperative patients and the immunocompromised. As such, standardized preoperative nasal decolonization S. has become major consideration prevention nosocomial infection. However, only few treatment options are currently available, with resistance to these approaches already concern. Here we have identified macrocyclic θ-defensin analogue RC-101 as promising anti- agent...

Problem Vaginal microbicides represent a promising approach for preventing heterosexual HIV transmission. However, preclinical evaluation should be conducted to ensure that will safe human cells and healthy microflora of the female reproductive tract. One microbicide candidate, RC ‐101, has been effective well tolerated in preliminary cell culture macaque models. effect ‐101 on primary vaginal tissues resident requires further evaluation. Method study We treated bacteria, both pathogenic...

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a common cause of foodborne illness in the United States. The bacterium can be transmitted to humans via contaminated chicken meat and eggs, virulence requires type III secretion system 1 (TTSS-1), encoded on pathogenicity island (SPI-1). Chickens often carry S subclinically, obscuring role SPI-1 facilitating bacterial colonization. To evaluate infection chicks by Salmonella, we created utilized strains harboring stable fluorescent reporter fusion...

Nontyphoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica are pathogenic bacteria that common causes food poisoning. Whereas mechanisms host cell invasion, inflammation, and pathogenesis mostly well established, a new possible mechanism immune evasion is being uncovered. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) an immunosuppressive membrane protein binds to activated T cells via their PD-1 receptor thereby halts activation. PD-L1 expression plays essential role in the immunological tolerance self-antigens but...

Summary Several aspects of HIV ‐1 virulence and pathogenesis are mediated by the envelope protein gp41. Additionally, peptides derived from gp41 ectodomain have been shown to induce chemotaxis in monocytes neutrophils. Whereas this chemotactic activity has reported, it is not known how these could be produced under biological conditions. The heptad repeat 1 ( HR 1) region exposed extracellular environment therefore susceptible proteolytic processing into smaller peptides. Matriptase a serine...

The protective surfaces of bacteria are comprised polysaccharides and involved in host invasion colonization, immune system evasion, antibacterial resistance. A major barrier to our fundamental understanding these complex surface lies the tremendous diversity glycan composition among bacterial species. polyisoprenoid bactoprenyl phosphate (or undecaprenyl phosphate) is an essential lipid carrier necessary for early stages glycopolymer assembly. Because ubiquity critical processes, molecular...

N-Lysine acylation is a post-translational modification important for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to control wide array of cellular functions. Here we demonstrate that the protein acyltransferase Pat regulates genes on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) are required invasion intestinal epithelium. Mutation pat slightly increased spleen colonization by in streptomycin-treated mice, with more mutant reaching than wild type strain. Growth under specific conditions selectively...

Bacterial vaginosis is a common reproductive infection in which commensal vaginal lactobacilli are displaced by mixed population of pathogenic bacteria. increases susceptibility to HIV, and it has been suggested that host innate immune responses bacteria contribute enhanced infection, yet the cellular mechanisms mediating increased HIV remain uncharacterized. We evaluated HIV-enhancing effects bacterial inoculating endocervical epithelia with Atopobium vaginae, vaginosis-associated bacteria,...

Modification of the lipid A portion LPS with cationic monosaccharides provides resistance to polymyxins, which are often employed as a last resort treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Here, we describe use fluorescent polyisoprenoids, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and genetics probe activity membrane-localized proteins that utilize 55-carbon carrier bactoprenyl phosphate (BP). We have discovered substantial background reaction occurs when B-strain E. coli cell membrane...

Abstract Mucosa of the anterior human nares can harbor Staphylococcus aureus (SA), an etiologic agent that causes severe infections. Nasal carriage SA is a complex host-pathogen interaction involving bacterial and host mediators influence innate defenses. We have revealed exoproteome nasal carrier strains contains unique determinants, which enable to colonize nares. In current study, we assess how one these mediators, Staphylococcal protein A (Spa), affects immune response carriage....