Loperamide hydrochloride (4 mg t.d.s.) was compared with codeine phosphate (60 in a double blind crossover study of patients loose output from their ileostomies. Both drugs significantly decreased the daily and water content ileostomy fluid. Daily losses sodium potassium were less when treated loperamide. also associated side effects. It is concluded that loperamide more effective treatment diarrhoea than phosphate. In this group those highest outputs ileostomies benefited most treatment.

Background The 6 min walk test (6-MWT) is a simple and popular for evaluating functional status in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, the prognostic value of 6-MWT large, representative sample CHF patients, different degrees left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) remains unclear. Methods results Of an initial population 1592 212 died representing crude death rate 13.3%. In surviving median time to follow-up period was 36.6 months [inter-quartile range (IQR) 28–45...

This study investigated the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) dose and composition on fuel selection during exercise, specifically exogenous endogenous (liver muscle) CHO oxidation. Ten trained males cycled in a double-blind randomized order 5 occasions at 77% for 2 h, followed by 30-min time-trial (TT) while ingesting either 60 g·h−1 (LG) or 75 13C-glucose (HG), 90 (LGF) 112.5 13C-glucose-13C-fructose ([2:1] HGF) placebo. doses met exceed reported intestinal transporter saturation glucose...

Abstract Neutron activation analysis has been used to determine the total content in body of N, K, Na, Cl, P and Ca 25 critically ill surgical patients before after a 14-day course intravenous nutrition. Muscle elemental compostion was also determined these at same time as analysis. Over period feeding contents all measured elements increased (2–9·7 per cent) but only increase K statistically significant. chemistry suggested an intracellular depletion which corrected over study period. The...

1. The pathway of haem breakdown in living rats was studied by using 18O the oxygen that animals consumed. By cannulation common bile duct and collection bile, labelled bilirubin isolated its mass spectrum determined. One set results obtained for a rat to which haemoglobin had been intravenously administered another not given exogenous haem. Isomerization IXalpha XIIIalpha IIIalpha isomers did occur any significant extent. 18O-labelling pattern consistent with Two-Molecule Mechanism, whereby...

Criterion data for total energy expenditure (TEE) in elite rugby are lacking, which prediction equations may not reflect accurately. This study quantified TEE of 27 male league (RL) and union (RU) players (U16, U20, U24 age groups) during a 14-day in-season period using doubly labelled water (DLW). Measured was also compared to estimated, equations. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) measured indirect calorimetry, physical activity level (PAL) estimated (TEE:RMR). Differences were unclear by code...

Abstract Patients who had undergone proctocolectomy and ileostomy for ulcerative colitis have been studied. One group (contrast group) resection of only small amounts terminal ileum (median = 4 cm), the other patients (study greater lengths bowel 60 cm). Gastric emptying transit a standard meal through were estimated, whilst fat, nitrogen, glucose, sodium potassium excreted by simultaneously determined. Significantly sodium, water compared with contrast (P <0·01). The rate gastric was...

Purpose: To investigate the effects of daily oral L-leucine ingestion on strength, bone mineral-free lean tissue mass (LTM) and fat (FM) free living humans during a 12-wk resistance-training program. Methods: Twenty-six initially untrained men ( n = 13 per group) ingested either 4 g/d (leucine group: age 28.5 ± 8.2 y, body index 24.9 4.2 kg/m 2 ) or corresponding amount lactose (placebo 28.2 7.3 ). All participants trained under supervision twice week following prescribed resistance training...

Fluid and sodium balance is important for performance health; however, limited data in rugby union players exist. The purpose of the study was to evaluate body mass (BM) change (dehydration) blood[Na] during exercise. Data were collected from 10 premiership players, over a 4-week period. Observations included match play (23 subject observations), field (45 gym (33 observations) training sessions. Arrival urine samples analyzed osmolality, exercise [Na]. Body determined pre- postexercise....

Bile acid absorption was investigated using75Se Taurohomocholate (SeHCAT) in controls and patients who had undergone total colectomy with either conventional ileostomy or pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis adenomatous polyposis. Whole-body retention of SeHCAT after 168 hours greater the than (P<.05). Retention did not differ significantly between an anastomosis, but ileal resection more 20 cm retained less a (P<.01). Analysis fecal bile acids from ileostomies pouches showed that...

This study compared the effects of coingesting glucose and fructose on exogenous endogenous substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise at altitude sea level, in men. Seven male British military personnel completed two bouts cycling same relative workload (55% Wmax) for 120 min acute exposure to (3375 m) level (~113 m). In each trial, participants ingested 1.2 g·min−1 (enriched with 13C glucose) 0.6 fructose) directly before every 15 exercise. Indirect calorimetry isotope ratio mass...

The potential for imprecision in the estimation of hydration status from changes body mass has been outlined previously but equations derived these derivations appear inconsistent. Reconciliation loss terms sweat and effective water is possible specific equation sets provided that gains losses both used derivation to derive are inclusive sets. This obligatory so as quantifiable determinants consistent with internal processes external losses. Thus, loss, substrate oxidation, metabolic water,...

The mechanism of bile-pigment formation from haem breakdown was studied by using 18O labelling the molecular oxygen required for macrocyclic ring cleavage. For degradation spleen microsomal oxygenase system, mass spectrometry product bilirubin revealed that cleavage occurred Two-Molecule Mechanism, i.e. terminal lactam atoms in were derived two different molecules. Similarly, myoglobin coupled oxidation with ascorbate and proceeded via Mechanism. Cobalt manganese complexes protoporphyrin IX...

This study aimed to evaluate the weight loss and hunger motivation effects of an energy-restricted high-protein (HP) diet in overweight obese children. In total, 95 children attended 8-week (maximum) program physical activity, reduced-energy intake, behavior change education. Children were randomly assigned one two isoenergetic diets (standard (SP): 15% protein; HP: 25% protein), based on individually estimated energy requirements. Anthropometry body composition assessed at start end...

Good nutrition is essential for the physical development of adolescent athletes, however data on dietary intakes rugby players are lacking. This study quantified and evaluated intake in 87 elite male English academy league (RL) union (RU) by age (under 16 (U16) under 19 (U19) years old) code (RL RU). Relationships with body mass composition (sum 8 skinfolds) were also investigated. Using 4-day diet activity diaries, was compared sports recommendations UK national food guide. Dietary did not...

This study evaluated whether glycogen-associated water is a protected entity not subject to normal osmotic homeostasis. An investigation into practical and theoretical aspects of the functionality this as determinant osmolality, dehydration, glycogen concentration was undertaken.In vitro experiments were conducted determine intrinsic osmolality glycogen-potassium phosphate mixtures would be found intra-cellularly at concentrations 2% for muscle 5 10% liver. Protected available ionic...

This study investigated the effect of small manipulations in carbohydrate (CHO) dose on exogenous and endogenous (liver muscle) fuel selection during exercise. Eleven trained males cycled a double-blind randomised order 4 occasions at 60% $$\dot {V}{{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} }}$$ for 3 h, followed by 30-min time-trial whilst ingesting either 80 g h−1 or 90 100 13C-glucose-13C-fructose [2:1] placebo. CHO doses met, were marginally lower, above previously reported intestinal saturation...

Gamma-glutamyltransferase in ascitic fluid patients with various liver diseases No of Enzyme activity (U/1) Diagnosis Mean ± SD Range Hepatocellular carcinoma 5 24 2 ±16 3 9-50 Alcoholic cirrhosis 22 581 83 4 8-375 Miscellaneous 6 40 0±58 54-156 the high from these is not surprising.In fact, seven alcoholic disease was higher than highest hepatoma group, being one patient portacaval shunt established month previously.Nevertheless, our different findings do seem to be accounted for solely by...

This study determined the effect of ingesting galactose and glucose 30 min before exercise on exogenous endogenous fuel use during exercise.Nine trained male cyclists completed three bouts cycling at 60% W(max) for 120 after an overnight fast. Thirty minutes exercise, ingested a fluid formulation containing placebo, 75 g (Gal), or (Glu) to which (13)C tracers had been added, in double-blind randomized manner. Indirect calorimetry isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used calculate fat...

Inadequate protein intake (PI), containing a sub-optimal source of essential amino acids (EAAs), and reduced appetite are contributing factors to age-related sarcopenia. The satiating effects dietary per se may negatively affect energy (EI), thus there is need explore alternative strategies facilitate PI without compromising subsequent EI. Older women completed two experiments (EXP1 EXP2) where they consumed either Bar (565 kJ), Gel (477 both rich in EAAs (7.5 g, 40% L-leucine), or nothing...

Abstract We investigated the effect of an acute creatine loading (25 g per day for 4 days) and longer-term supplementation (5 or 5 placebo 2 months) on performance 22 elite swimmers during maximal interval sessions. After loading, mean average swim times all (n = 22) improved (44.3 +/- 16.5 s before vs 43.7 16.3 after supplementation; P ≪ 0.01). Three did not respond positively to supplementation. months longer term placebo,neither group showed a significant change in swimming (38.7 +/-13.5...

The effect of treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin on the histological appearance and glycogen content anterior tibialis muscle was studied in 10 patients chronic renal failure treated by regular haemodialysis. Repeat biopsies taken when target haemoglobin concentration 11 g/dl achieved showed an increase median from 35 mg/g fat-free dry to 51 (p < 0.05). a marked improvement fibre diameters, particular for type I fibres reduction cytoarchitectural abnormalities. These changes...