St John's Wort (SJW) is widely used in the treatment of depression but concerns have been raised about its potential to interact with other drugs. Co-administration SJW has resulted significant reductions trough plasma concentrations indinavir and cyclosporin [1, 2]. Induction cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) implicated as most likely interaction mechanism. However, magnitude seen clinical practice greater than that predicted by vitro studies suggesting additional mechanisms may exist. As are...

1‐Propionyl‐ d ‐lysergic acid diethylamide hemitartrate (1P‐LSD) has become available as a ‘research chemical’ in the form of blotters and powdered material. This non‐controlled derivative (LSD) previously not been described published literature despite being closely related to 1‐acetyl‐LSD (ALD‐52), which was developed 1950s. study describes characterization 1P‐LSD comparison with LSD using various chromatographic mass spectrometric methods, infrared nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy....

The psychedelic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have captured the imagination researchers for many years and its rediscovery as an important research tool is evidenced by clinical use within neuroscientific therapeutic settings. At same time, a number novel LSD analogs recently emerged recreational drugs, which makes it necessary to study their analytical pharmacological properties. One recent addition this series 1-butanoyl-LSD (1B-LSD), constitutional isomer...

Synthetic opioids have been associated globally with adverse effects in drug users. The nitazene group of drugs is a relatively new addition to the synthetic opioid class emerging Europe 2019. Some nitazenes shown be more potent than fentanyl. Overdose clusters heroin users Dublin (57 cases) and Cork (20 cases), Ireland, November December 2023, respectively, prompted rapid response from number Irish laboratories identify substance(s) concern. Light brown (tan) powders were obtained cases...

The synthetic cannabinoid, UR-144 ((1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone), was identified in commercial 'legal high' products (herbal, resin, and powder). Along with this, six related compounds were detected. most abundant one (2.1) as 4-hydroxy-3,3,4-trimethyl-1-(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pentan-1-one, a product of the electrophilic addition water to cyclopropane moiety UR-144. Compound 2.1 found be undergo cyclisation which leads formation two additional...

Lysergic acid N , ‐diethylamide (LSD) is perhaps one of the most intriguing psychoactive substances known and numerous analogs have been explored to varying extents in previous decades. In 2013, 6 ‐allyl‐6‐norlysergic diethylamide (AL‐LAD) (2’ S ,4’ )‐lysergic 2,4‐dimethylazetidide (LSZ) appeared on ‘research chemicals’/new (NPS) market both powdered blotter form. This study reports analytical characterization AL‐LAD LSZ tartrate samples their semi‐quantitative determination paper. Included...

Studies on the pyrolysis of synthetic cannabinoid agonist UR-144 ((1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone) have shown that its major product is a tetramethylcyclopropane ring-opened alkene. Considering smoking common way ingesting cannabimimetics, presence metabolites this would be expected in biological fluids. Using GC-MS and LC–MS-MS methods, series phase I were detected urine samples from patients admitted to hospital with suspected drug intoxication. The...

2-Methoxydiphenidine, i.e. 1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine, also known as 'MXP' or '2-MeO-diphenidine' (or 2-MXP), has been available a 'research chemical' since 2013 purported alternative to the 'dissociative anesthetics' methoxetamine and ketamine. Three deaths which involved detection of 2-MXP in post-mortem blood urine were encountered forensic casework. The 2-, 3- 4-methoxyphenyl positional isomers synthesized confirm identity concentration 2-MXP. femoral concentrations...

Abstract 1‐Acetyl‐ N , ‐diethyllysergamide (1A‐LSD, ALD‐52) was first synthesized in the 1950s and found to produce psychedelic effects similar those of LSD. Evidence suggests that ALD‐52 serves as a prodrug vivo hydrolysis LSD is likely responsible for its activity. Extension 1 ‐alkylcarbonyl chain gives rise novel lysergamides, which spurred further investigations into their structure–activity relationships. At same time, numerous homologues have emerged recreational drugs (“research...

3‐[(Adamantan‐1‐yl)carbonyl]‐1‐pentylindole (AB‐001), a synthetic cannabimimetic, was identified in head shop products Ireland 2010. German authorities also reported it to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) via Early Warning System (EWS) 2011. As indole‐derived cannabimimetics, such as JWH‐018, JWH‐073, JWH‐250, undergo extensive metabolism, expected that AB‐001 would behave similarly. To include our toxicological screening protocols, we have its urinary...

3-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-1-pentylindole (RCS-4), a synthetic indole-derived cannabimimetic, was first reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction via Early Warning System by Hungarian authorities in 2010 later identified head shop test purchases Ireland. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we have series of RCS-4 metabolites urine samples from individuals admitted hospitals with symptoms drug intoxication. The were tentatively as products (i) aromatic...

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is perhaps one of the best-known psychoactive substances and many structural modifications this prototypical lysergamide have been investigated. Several lysergamides were recently encountered as 'research chemicals' or new (NPS). Although lysergic morpholide (LSM-775) appeared on NPS market in 2013, there disagreement literature regarding potency properties LSM-775 humans. The present investigation attempts to address gap information that exists analytical...

The psychoactive properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have fascinated scientists across disciplines and the exploration other analogues derivatives has been motivated by deepening understanding ligand‐receptor interactions at molecular level as well search for new therapeutics. Several LSD congeners appeared on substances (NPS) market in form blotters or powders. Examples include 1‐propionyl‐LSD (1P–LSD), AL‐LAD, LSZ. absence analytical data novel compounds is a frequent challenge...

AM-694 (1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2-iodophenyl)methanone), a synthetic indole-based cannabimimetic, was first reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) via Early Warning System (EWS) by Irish authorities in 2010. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we have identified six metabolites post-ingestion samples. The were tentatively as products of (1) hydrolytic defluorination, (2) carboxylation, (3) monohydroxylation N-alkyl chain,...

A rapid, reproducible and sensitive reversed phase liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method was developed validated for the identification semi-quantitative confirmation of stimulants in urine. The is capable separating compounds such as cocaine metabolites, amphetamines, substituted cathinones other designer drugs, with a total run time 11 min. subsequently used to confirm presence these urine patients attending Drug Treatment Centre Board Ireland over period which legislation banning...

The discrimination of a cross section cathinone regioisomers, sold as 'legal highs', using Raman spectroscopy, is reported here. Mephedrone and flephedrone were identified in high' products Irish head shops, their 2, 3 4-isomers synthesized reference standards. 3,4-methylenedioxy substituted cathinones, methylone, butylone methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), also highs' 2,3-isomers for comparison. In addition, alpha- beta-naphyrone synthesized. spectra all the isomers obtained far-red...

Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a prototypical serotonergic psychedelic drug and the subject of many clinical investigations. In recent years, range lysergamides has emerged with production some being inspired by existing scientific literature. Others, for example various 1‐acyl substituted lysergamides, did not exist before their appearance as research chemicals. 1‐Cylopropanoyl‐LSD (1CP‐LSD) recently new addition to group lysergamide‐based designer drugs believed be...

During the second half of 2013, a total 26 deaths involving para ‐methyl‐4‐methylaminorex (4,4'‐DMAR) were reported to European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. While aminorex 4‐methylaminorex (4‐MAR) are known psychostimulants, nothing is about comparatively new ‐methyl analog. Analytical characterization two independent samples obtained from online vendors confirmed presence (±)‐ cis isomer that also appeared be associated with at least 18 deaths. Extensive characterizations...

The structurally diverse nature of the 1,2-diphenylethylamine template provides access to a range substances for drug discovery work but some have attracted attention as 'research chemicals'. most recent examples include diphenidine, i.e. 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine and 2-methoxydiphenidine, 1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine (MXP, methoxyphenidine, 2-MXP) that been associated with uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist activity. Analytical challenges...