The structurally diverse nature of the 1,2-diphenylethylamine template provides access to a range substances for drug discovery work but some have attracted attention as 'research chemicals'. most recent examples include diphenidine, i.e. 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine and 2-methoxydiphenidine, 1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine (MXP, methoxyphenidine, 2-MXP) that been associated with uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist activity. Analytical challenges...

A variety of new psychoactive substances (NPS) are appearing in recreational drug markets worldwide. NPS compounds that target various receptors and transporters the central nervous system to achieve their effects. Chemical modifications existing drugs can generate not controlled by current legislation, thereby providing legal alternatives such as cocaine or amphetamine. Recently, 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM), a derivative anorectic compound phenmetrazine, appeared on market adverse...

3-Methoxy-2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (mexedrone) appeared in 2015 and was advertised by UK Internet retailers as a non-controlled mephedrone derivative (2-(methylamino)-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one), which of particular interest to countries who operate generic drugs legislation. This study describes the synthesis analytical characterization mexedrone differentiation from its isomer, N-methoxymephedrone, predicted be suitable candidate before identity revealed. A full...

Substances with the diphenylethylamine nucleus represent a recent addition to product catalog of dissociative agents sold as 'research chemicals' on Internet. Diphenidine, i.e. 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine (1,2-DEP), is such an example but detailed analytical data are less abundant. The present study describes synthesis diphenidine and its most obvious isomer, 1-(2,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine (2,2-DEP), in order assess ability differentiate between them. Preparation characterization were...

Recently, the pyrazole‐containing synthetic cannabinoid N ‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(cyclohexylmethyl)‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1 H ‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxamide (3,5‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA) has been identified as a ‘research chemical’ both in powdered form and an adulterant present herbal preparations. Urine is most common matrix used for abstinence control extensive metabolism of cannabinoids requires implementation targeted analysis. The study describes investigation vitro phase I...

This study presents the identification of N ‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(cyclohexylmethyl)‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1 H ‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxamide that was termed 3,5‐AB‐CHMFUPPYCA. compound obtained from a UK‐based Internet vendor, who erroneously advertised this ‘research chemical’ as AZ‐037 and which would have been associated with ( S )‐ ‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1 ‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide. The presence pyrazole core indicates bioisosteric...

The recent occurrence of deaths associated with the psychostimulant cis ‐4,4′‐dimethylaminorex (4,4′‐DMAR) in Europe indicated presence a newly emerged psychoactive substance on market. Subsequently, existence 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐4‐methylaminorex (MDMAR) has come to authors' attention and this study describes synthesis ‐ trans ‐MDMAR followed by extensive characterization chromatographic, spectroscopic, mass spectrometric platforms crystal structure analysis. MDMAR obtained from an online...

1-Phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) is an internationally monitored precursor that has become increasingly difficult for illicit amphetamine producers to source, which means alternative routes its preparation have important. One such approach includes the hydrolysis of alpha-phenylacetoacetonitrile (APAAN) with sulfuric acid. Previously, we reported identification 4,6-dimethyl-3,5-diphenylpryid-2-one following implementation conditions and it was proposed this compound might serve as one route...

Misuse of (±)‐ threo ‐methylphenidate (methyl‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(piperidin‐2‐yl)acetate; Ritalin®; MPH) has long been acknowledged, but the appearance MPH analogs in form ‘research chemicals’ only emerged more recent years. 4‐Fluoromethylphenidate (4F‐MPH) is one these examples. This study presents identification and analytical characterization two powdered 4F‐MPH products that were obtained from an online vendor 2015. Interestingly, appeared to have originated distinct batches given product...

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between ivacaftor and ritonavir. Methods A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method developed for measurement in plasma. An open‐label, sequential, cross‐over conducted with 12 healthy volunteers. Three profiles were assessed each volunteer: 150 mg alone (study A), plus ritonavir 50 daily B), after two weeks C). Results Addition resulted significant inhibition metabolism ivacaftor. Area under plasma...

The knowledge captured in patent and scientific research literature stimulates new ideas fosters drug development efforts. Manufacturers entrepreneurs dedicated to the sale of 'research chemicals' and/or psychoactive substances (NPS) also make use access information identify, prepare, launch a range substances. One most recent compounds appear on NPS market is phenmetrazine analog 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) which represents one many phenylmorpholines designed explore treatment options...

This perspective examines amphetamine importations into Ireland. Some novel by-products were detected and linked to a change in the method of production P2P from APAAN. These remained present during subsequent Leuckart reaction conditions. Novel substituted cathinone synthesis reactions also isolated characterized.

The availability of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the recreational drug market continues to create challenges for scientists in forensic, clinical and toxicology fields. Phenmetrazine (3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine) an array its analogs form a class psychostimulants that are well documented patent scientific literature. present study reports two phenmetrazine have been encountered NPS following introduction 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM), namely 4-methylphenmetrazine (4-MPM),...

2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) is commonly prescribed for the treatment of narcolepsy. Increasing popularity and off-label use as a cognitive enhancer has resulted in reputation an intelligence boosting 'wonder drug'. Common alternatives available from online shops other retail outlets include 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide (adrafinil), 2-{[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl}acetamide (CRL-40,940), 2-{[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl}-N-hydroxyacetamide...

4-Methylmethcathinone (2-methylamino-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one, mephedrone) is a psychoactive substance that has been associated with recreational use worldwide. Analytical data related to mephedrone are abundantly available but the characterization of by-products obtained during organic synthesis remains be explored. This study presents identification 1,2,3,5-tetramethyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium salt (TMMPI), which was formed mephedrone. When diethyl ether added crude...

Abstract Nitrazolam and clonazolam are 2 designer benzodiazepines available from Internet retailers. There is growing evidence suggesting that such compounds have the potential to cause severe adverse events. Information about tolerability in humans scarce but typically, low doses can be difficult administer for users when handling bulk material. Variability of active ingredient tablet formulations also a concern. Customs, toxicology forensic laboratories increasingly encountering...

Benzodiazepines are a class of compounds used clinically to treat variety conditions including anxiety and insomnia. Their potential for abuse has led surge in their availability on the illegal drugs market. End users often rely markings illicit tablets identify contents. However, falsified mimicking genuine pharmaceutical preparations contain ingredients that differ from what people believe they taking. The absence any quality control content, purity, or strength fake can result adverse...