Recently, several synthetic cannabinoids were identified in herbal mixtures consumed as recreational drugs alternative to cannabis products. The aim was characterize the acute toxicity of experienced by emergency patients.This a retrospective study targeting patients seeking treatment after use cannabinoids.Patients selected from database Poisons Information Center Freiburg between September 2008 and February 2011. inclusion criteria were: hospitalization, available clinical reports...

Abstract Herbal mixtures like ‘Spice’ with potentially bioactive ingredients were available in many European countries since 2004 and are still widely used as a substitute for cannabis, although merchandized ‘herbal incense’. After gaining high degree of popularity 2008, big quantities these drugs sold. In December synthetic cannabinoids identified the which not declared ingredients: C 8 homolog non‐classical cannabinoid CP‐47,497 (CP‐47,497‐C8) cannabimimetic aminoalkylindole called...

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are the largest group of compounds currently monitored in Europe by EU Early Warning System on new psychoactive substances. Emerging recreational use these products has led to multiple cases adverse health effects and even death. In contrast marijuana, where Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC) is metabolized only one major active metabolite, it been reported that several phase I metabolites SCs remain biologically active, exerting cannabinoid (CB) receptor affinity,...

Abstract After the discovery of synthetic cannabimimetic substances in ‘Spice’‐like herbal mixtures marketed as ‘incense’ or ‘plant fertilizer’ active compounds have been declared controlled several European countries. As expected, a monitoring new which continue to appear on market revealed that shortly after control measures taken by legal authorities, other were added existing and products. Several aminoalkylindole type detected so far but still their consumption cannot be commonly used...

Herbal mixtures, such as ‘Spice’, containing cannabimimetic compounds are easily available on the Internet and have become increasingly popular among people having to undergo urine drug testing, these not detected by current immunochemical tests. For analysis of samples, knowledge main metabolites is necessary unchanged usually found in after consumption. In this paper, identification major currently most common seven synthetic cannabinoids presented. Urine samples from patients psychiatric...

The analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in human matrices is particular importance the fields forensic and clinical toxicology since cannabis users partly shift to consumption 'herbal mixtures' as a legal alternative products order circumvent drug testing. However, comprehensive methods covering majority already identified on market are still lacking. In this article, we present fully validated method for 30 serum utilizing liquid-liquid extraction liquid chromatography-electrospray...

Indole or indazole‐based synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) bearing substituents derived from valine tert ‐leucine are frequently abused new psychoactive substances (NPS). The emergence of 5F–MDMB‐PICA (methyl N ‐{[1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐1 H –indol‐3‐yl]carbonyl}‐3‐methylvalinate) on the German drug market is a further example substance synthesized in context scientific research being misused by clandestine laboratories adding it to ‘legal high’ products. In this work, we present detection several...

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) continue to be the largest group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) monitored by European Monitoring Center Drugs and Abuse (EMCDDA). The identification subsequent prohibition single SCs has driven clandestine chemists produce analogues increasing structural diversity, intended evade legislation. That combined with mostly unknown metabolic profiles these SCs, poses a big challenge for conventional targeted analytical assays, as it is difficult screen "unknown"...

Abstract Following isotonitazene scheduling in 2019, the availability of alternative 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids (nitazenes) on global drug market increased, resulting many fatalities worldwide. Nitazenes are potent µ-opioid receptor agonists with strong narcotic/analgesic effects, and their concentrations biological matrices low, making detection metabolite biomarkers consumption crucial to document use clinical forensic settings. However, there is little no data metabolism most recently...

Abstract Objectives N-piperidinyl etonitazene (etonitazepipne) is a newly synthesized opioid related to the 2-benzylbenzimidazole analog class. Etonitazepipne has been formally notified and placed under intensive monitoring in Europe January 2022. Nitazenes have high affinity at µ-opioid receptor (MOR). Etonitazepipne, specifically shows EC 50 of 2.49 nM, suggesting about times higher potency combined with efficacy compared morphine. Antinociceptive l (‘hot plate test’ rats) was 192-fold...

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are products of nonoxidative ethanol metabolism. After incorporation in hair, they should be suitable long-term markers alcohol abuse.Hair samples from 19 alcoholics a treatment program, 10 fatalities with verified excessive consumption, 13 moderate social drinkers who consumed up to 20 g ethanol/day, and 5 strict teetotalers were analyzed 1-12 segments for four FAEEs (ethyl myristate, palmitate, oleate, stearate) by external degreasing n-heptane, extraction...

Aminoalkylindoles, a subclass of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, show an extensive and complex metabolism in vivo , due to their structural similarity, they can be challenging terms unambiguous assignment metabolic patterns urine samples consumed substances. The situation may even more complicated as these drugs are usually smoked, the high temperature exposure lead formation artifacts. Typical metabolites JWH‐018 (Naphthalen‐1‐yl(1‐pentyl‐1 H ‐indol‐3‐yl)methanone) were reportedly...

This paper reports a novel microfluidic-chip based platform using "phase-transfer magnetophoresis" enabling continuous biomolecule processing. As an example we demonstrate for the first time DNA extraction from cell lysate on microfluidic chip. After mixing bacterial Escherichia coli culture with superparamagnetic bead suspension, lysis and binding buffers, is released cells captured by beads. These carrying beads are continuously transported across interfaces between co-flowing laminar...

The appearance of pyrazolam in Internet shops selling ‘research chemicals’ 2012 marked the beginning designer benzodiazepines being sold as recreational drugs or ‘self medication’. With recent changes national narcotics laws many countries, where two uncontrolled (phenazepam and etizolam), which were marketed by pharmaceutical companies some scheduled, clandestine laboratories seem to turn poorly characterized research drug candidates legal substitutes. Following pyrazolam, it comes with no...