Between 1 August and 15 September 2000, 361 cases of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 104, resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, spectinomycin tetracycline (R-type ACSSuSpT), were identified in England Wales residents. Molecular typing 258 isolates S . DT104 R-type ACSSuSpT showed that, although indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 67% (174/258) characterized a particular plasmid profile. A statistically...

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne in United States. While vectors are widespread, high incidence states concentrated Northeast, North Central and Mid-Atlantic regions. Mapping distribution of spirochetes ticks may aid providing data-driven explanations epidemiological trends recommendations for targeting prevention strategies to communities at risk. We compiled data from literature, publicly available tickborne pathogen surveillance databases, internal CDC testing databases map...

Borrelia mayonii is a newly described member of the burgdorferi sensu lato complex that vectored by black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) and cause Lyme disease in Minnesota Wisconsin. Vertebrate reservoir hosts involved enzootic maintenance B. have not yet been identified. Here, we describe first isolation from naturally infected white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque) an American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben) Minnesota, thus implicating these species as...

Tick-borne pathogens transmitted by Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), also known as the deer tick or blacklegged tick, are increasing in incidence and geographic distribution United States. We examined risk of tick-borne disease exposure 9 national parks across six Northeastern Mid-Atlantic States District Columbia 2014 2015. To assess recreational to park visitors, we sampled for ticks along frequently used trails calculated density I. nymphs (DON) infected (DIN). determined nymphal...

We collected questing Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from southeastern counties of Pennsylvania, USA. Of 263 tested by PCR for pathogens, 1 adult female was positive Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, yielding a 0.4% infection rate. Continued monitoring this invasive tick is essential to determine its public health role.

In the United States, tickborne diseases occur focally. Missouri represents a major focus of several that includes spotted fever rickettsiosis, tularemia, and ehrlichiosis. Our study sought to determine potential risk human exposure human-biting vector ticks in this area. We collected 79 sites southern during June 7–10, 2009, which yielded 1,047 adult 3,585 nymphal Amblyomma americanum , 5 maculatum 19 Dermacentor variabilis Ixodes brunneus . Logistic regression analysis showed areas posing...

Traditionally, efficient flea-borne transmission of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent plague, was thought to be dependent on a process referred as blockage in which biofilm-mediated growth bacteria physically blocks flea gut, leading regurgitation contaminated blood into host. This previously shown temperature-regulated, with failing at temperatures approaching 30°C; however, abilities fleas transmit infections different had not been adequately assessed. We infected colony-reared...

Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized quiescent periods punctuated rapidly spreading epizootics. The classical 'blocked flea' paradigm, which a blockage forms in the flea's proventriculus on average 1-2 weeks post-infection (p.i.), forces starving fleas to take multiple blood meals, thus increasing opportunities for transmission. Recently, importance of early-phase transmission (EPT), occurs prior formation, has been emphasized during Whilst physiological and molecular...

Plague is an often fatal, primarily flea-borne rodent-associated zoonosis caused by Yersinia pestis . We sought to identify risk factors for plague comparing villages with and without a history of human cases within model-defined focus in the West Nile Region Uganda. Although rat ( Rattus rattus ) abundance was similar inside huts case control villages, contact rates between rats humans (as measured reported bites) host-seeking flea loads were higher villages. In addition, compared persons...

Tickborne diseases are rare in Washington, USA, and the ecology of these pathogens is poorly understood. We integrated surveillance data from humans ticks to better describe their epidemiology ecology. During 2011-2016, a total 202 tickborne disease cases were reported Washington residents. Of these, 68 (34%) autochthonous, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, relapsing tularemia. May 2011-December 2016, we collected 977 host-seeking ticks, Ixodes pacificus, I. angustus,...

Sharp declines in human and animal cases of plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (Yersin), have been observed when outbreaks coincide with hot weather. Failure biofilm production, or blockage, to occur flea, as temperatures reach 30°C has suggested an explanation for these declines. Recent work demonstrating efficient flea transmission during first few days after fleas taken infectious blood meal, absence blockage (e.g., early-phase transmission), however, called this hypothesis...

Plague, an often-fatal zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized epizootic and quiescent periods. How Y. pestis maintained during inter-epizootic periods poorly understood, but soil has been implicated as a potential reservoir. Although previous studies have suggested that able to survive in for weeks or months, it unclear whether not infectious susceptible hosts. Here we investigate the infect mice through close contact with contaminated under laboratory conditions. In...

Rodent fleas from northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for the presence of Bartonella and Yersinia pestis. In total, 760 belonging to 10 species tested with multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis targeting gltA (338-bp) pla genes (478-bp) Y. pestis , respectively. Although none was positive 307 infected spp., resulting in an overall prevalence 40.4%. A logistic regression indicated that is more likely occur some flea species. From a subset -positive fleas, phylogenetic...

Borrelia miyamotoi is an increasingly recognized human pathogen transmitted by Ixodes ticks in the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, infection prevalences of B. are characteristically low (<10%) scapularis (Say; Acari: Ixodidae) and pacificus (Cooley & Kohls; Ixodidae), both which readily bite humans. We tested 3,255 host-seeking I. nymphs collected 2004 from 79 sites throughout Mendocino County north-coastal California for presence miyamotoi. The collection represented a variety forest...

Unblocked fleas can transmit Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, shortly (≤4 d) after taking an infectious bloodmeal. Investigators have measured so-called early-phase transmission (EPT) efficiency in various following infection with highly bacteremic blood (≥108 cfu/ml). To date, no one has determined lower limit of bacteremia required for to acquire and by EPT, though knowing this threshold is central determining length time a host may be feeding fleas. Here, we evaluate...

The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is an inefficient vector of the plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) and predominant off-host flea species in human habitations West Nile region, established focus northwest Uganda. To determine if C. felis might serve as a Y. pestis bridging we collected on- fleas from used real-time polymerase chain reaction-based assay to estimate proportion that had fed on humans potentially infectious rodents or shrews. Our findings indicate region feed primarily...

Programs that aim to control vector-borne zoonotic diseases require information on hosts and the feeding behavior of bridging vectors are capable transmitting pathogens from those humans. Here we describe an assay developed identify bloodmeals in field-collected cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis Bouché) assess this species' potential role as a Yersinia pestis vector plague-endemic region Uganda. Our uses single primer set SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction amplify segment...

Plague, a primarily flea-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized rapidly spreading epizootics separated periods of quiescence. Little known about how and where Y. pestis persists between epizootics. It commonly proposed, however, that maintained during interepizootic in enzootic cycles involving flea vectors relatively resistant host populations. According to this model, while susceptible individuals serve as infectious sources for feeding fleas subsequently die infection,...

Pulex irritans L. is a cosmopolitan flea species that infests wide variety of hosts. In North America it generally parasitizes large wild mammals, but in the Pacific Northwest an association has emerged between P. and western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea). While investigators have recognized this for decades, not been clear if feeds on owls, or owls serve exclusively as phoretic Here we describe using real-time assay was originally developed to identify bloodmeals Ugandan cat...