We examined the relationship between students' tobacco use and density proximity of retailers near their schools.We used data from 2003-2004 California Student Tobacco Survey retail licensing data. Measures included self-reported geocoded state-reported locations retailers. random-intercept generalized linear mixed modeling to jointly evaluate individual-level school-level predictors.Density was associated with experimental smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02,...

Angiotensin II (AngII) is a key neuropeptide that acting within the brain hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus regulates neurohumoral outflow to circulation. Moreover, an exacerbated AngII action contributes activation in hypertension. Although effects involve changes neuronal activity, precise underlying mechanisms, cellular targets, and distribution of receptors remain largely unknown. Thus, whether direct actions on neurons, or it acts via intermediary cells, such as astrocytes, still...

Previously, we have demonstrated that an altered endogenous nitric oxide (NO) mechanism within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in heart failure (HF) rats. The goal of this study was examine effect exercise training (ExT) improving NO PVN involved regulation RSNA rats with HF. ExT significantly restored decreased number neuronal synthase (nNOS)-positive neurons (129 +/- 17 vs. 99 6). nNOS mRNA expression and protein levels...

Exercise training (ExT) normalizes the increased sympathetic outflow in heart failure (HF), but mechanisms are not known. We hypothesized that ExT would normalize augmented glutamatergic mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors within paraventricular nucleus (PVN) occur with HF. Four groups of rats were used: 1) sham-operated (Sham) sedentary (Sed), 2) Sham ExT, 3) HF Sed, and 4) ExT. was induced left coronary artery ligation, consisted 3 wk treadmill running. In...

Previous studies have indicated that there is increased activation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in rats with chronic heart failure (CHF); however, it not clear if preautonomic neurons within PVN are specifically overactive. Also, known these altered responses to baroreceptor or osmotic challenges. Experiments were conducted CHF (6–8 wk after coronary artery ligation). Spontaneously active recorded PVN, which 36% antidromically activated from rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The...

Redox (reduction–oxidation) imbalance is a physiological feature regulated by well-maintained equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS), the defense system of body (antioxidant enzymes). The redox comprises levels ROS in cells, tissues overall organ system. are synchronized gradients electrons that generated due to sequential reduction oxidation various biomolecules enzymes. Such reactions present each cell, irrespective any tissue or organ. Failure such...

Chronic heart failure (HF) is characterized by increased sympathetic drive. Enhanced angiotensin II (ANG II) activity may contribute to the sympathoexcitation under HF condition. The present study examined 1) effects of ANG in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on renal nerve (RSNA), and 2) altered type 1 (AT ) receptor expression during HF. Left coronary artery ligation was used induce In anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, microinjection (0.05–1 nmol) into PVN RSNA, mean arterial pressure (MAP),...

Renal denervation for the treatment of hypertension has proven to be successful; however, underlying mechanism/s are not entirely clear. To determine if preautonomic neurons in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) respond afferent renal nerve (ARN) stimulation, extracellular single-unit recording was used investigate contribution rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)-projecting PVN (PVN-RVLM) response elicited during stimulation ARN. In 109 spontaneously active recorded anesthetized rats, 25 units...

Renal denervation (RDN) has been postulated to reduce sympathetic drive during heart failure (HF), but the central mechanisms are not completely understood. The purpose of present study was assess contribution neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) within paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in modulating outflow rats with HF that underwent RDN. induced by ligation left coronary artery. Four weeks after surgery, bilateral RDN performed. Rats had an increase FosB-positive cells PVN a concomitant...

Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced arterial baroreflex dysfunction is associated with superoxide generation in the brain. Exercise training (EX) improves function and decreases oxidative stress cardiovascular diseases linked to elevated central Ang II. The aim of this study was determine whether previous EX prevents impairment caused by administration exogenous via an II-superoxide mechanism. Four groups rats were used: non-EX artificial cerebrospinal fluid infused, infused. Rats treadmill...

Our previous studies have shown that the decreased NO and increased glutamatergic mechanisms on sympathetic regulation within paraventricular nucleus (PVN) may contribute to elevated sympathoexcitation during chronic heart failure (CHF). In present study, we investigated effects of neuronal synthase (nNOS) gene transfer N -methyl- d -aspartic acid receptor subunit NR 1 in rats with a coronary ligation model CHF. Adenovirus vectors encoding nNOS (AdnNOS) or adenovirus β-galactosidase were...

Exercise training (ExT) normalizes the increased sympathetic outflow in heart failure (HF), but underlying mechanisms are not known. We hypothesized ExT would normalize augmented activation of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) via an angiotensinergic mechanism during HF. Four groups rats used were following: 1) sham-sedentary (Sed); 2) sham-ExT; 3) HF-Sed, and 4) HF-ExT. HF was induced by left coronary artery ligation. weeks after surgery, 3 wk treadmill running performed groups. The number...

Renal denervation (RDN) has been shown to restore endogenous neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and reduce sympathetic drive during chronic heart failure (CHF). The purpose of present study was assess contribution afferent renal nerves nNOS-mediated outflow within PVN rats with CHF. CHF induced by ligation left coronary artery. Four weeks after surgery, selective RDN (A-RDN) performed bilateral perivascular application capsaicin on arteries. Seven days...

Previously we have shown that increased expression of renal epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) may contribute to the and water retention observed during chronic heart failure (CHF). The goal this study was examine whether denervation (RDN) changed expressions transporters ENaC, sodium-hydrogen exchanger-3 proteins (NHE3), channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in rats with CHF. CHF produced by left coronary artery ligation rats. Four weeks after surgery, surgical bilateral RDN performed. NHE3, AQP2 both...

Studies have shown that the superoxide mechanism is involved in angiotensin II (ANG II) signaling central nervous system. We hypothesized ANG activates sympathetic outflow by stimulation of anion paraventricular nucleus (PVN) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In α-chloralose- and urethane-anesthetized rats, microinjection into PVN (50, 100, 200 pmol) produced dose-dependent increases renal nerve activity (RSNA), arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR) control STZ-induced There was...

Angiotensin (ANG)-converting enzyme (ACE)2 in brain regions such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) controlling cardiovascular function may be involved regulation of sympathetic outflow chronic heart failure (CHF). The purpose this study was to determine if ACE2 plays a role central by regulating neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) PVN. We investigated and nNOS expression within PVN rats with CHF. then determined effects gene transfer on contribution NO-mediated sympathoinhibition...

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by decreased cardiac parasympathetic and increased sympathetic nerve activity. This autonomic imbalance increases the risk of arrhythmias sudden death in patients with CHF. We hypothesized that molecular cellular alterations postganglionic (CPP) neurons located intracardiac ganglia (CPS) stellate (SG) possibly link to Rat CHF was induced left coronary artery ligation. Single-cell real-time PCR immunofluorescent data showed L (Ca v 1.2 Ca 1.3), P/Q...