Several studies conducted around the world showed substantial vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among different population groups. Sources of in human body include ultraviolet B (UVB)-light-induced biosynthesis dietary intake, but people’s diets are often poor D. Furthermore, many regions, sun exposure intensity UVB irradiation during wintertime not sufficient for biosynthesis. In Slovenia, epidemiological data about status were investigated through a national Nutrihealth study—an...

Objective Bakery products are considered as one of main dietary sources sodium/salt in Slovenia. Our objective was to assess the salt content bread Slovenia, focusing into different categories and sales channels. The data collected 2022 compared with year 2012. Methods A follow-up study on sold Slovenia conducted. Bread samples were purchased large retail shops smaller bakeries across 11 statistical regions Sodium determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; calculated...

Food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2; E171) is a coloring food additive. In May 2021, scientific opinion was published by the European Food Safety Authority concluding that TiO2 can no longer be considered as safe Our aim to investigate trends in use of supply. A case study conducted Slovenia using two nationally representative cross-sectional datasets branded foods. Analysis performed on N = 12,644 foods (6012 and 6632 2017 2020, respectively) from 15 subcategories where found significant...

Dietary fibre has proven to promote healthy body mass and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. To date, in Slovenia, there were only a few outdated studies dietary intake; therefore, we explored intake using food consumption data collected SI.Menu project. Following EU Menu methodology, on representative samples adolescents, adults, elderlies general questionnaire, propensity two 24 h recalls. The results indicate that Slovenia is lower than recommended. proportion population with...

Vitamin D is involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, vital for numerous bodily functions. In the absence of sufficient UV-B light-induced skin biosynthesis, dietary intake becomes most important source vitamin D. recommended 10–20 µg/day. Major contributors to are few foods naturally containing (i.e., fish), enriched foods, supplements. The present study aimed estimate Slovenia, identify food groups that notably contribute intake, predict effects hypothetical mandatory milk...

Folate deficiency is associated with various health issues, including anemia, cardiovascular disease, and birth defects. Low folate intake suboptimal status were found in several countries; however, this topic has not yet been investigated Slovenia. Dietary serum through the nationally representative food consumption study SI.Menu/Nutrihealth. was estimated using a sample of N = 1248 subjects aged 10-74 years, stratified three age groups (adolescents, adults, elderly population), two 24...

Vitamin B12 deficiency poses a health concern, especially in vulnerable populations. Dietary vitamin intake was obtained by two 24 h dietary recalls and food propensity questionnaires representative Slovenian cross-sectional consumption survey, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10–74 years). For subgroup of 280 participants, data on serum were available through the Nutrihealth study. The estimated usual population-weighted mean daily intakes 6.2 µg (adults), 5.4 (adolescents), 5.0 (elderly). Lower...

Health-related claims on food products influence consumers and their preferences. None of the European countries have restricted use health to foods high nutritional quality despite regulatory background provided by Union in 2006. We evaluated labelled with available Slovenian market using two nutrient profile models-Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) World Health Organization Regional office for Europe model (WHOE)-and compared results all foods. Data prepacked supply were...

The aim of our study was to compare the total 25(OH)D fraction, bioavailable vitamin and free D fraction in spring fall a group healthy individuals.

Consumption of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (TFAs) is a well-established health risk factor that correlates with the increased developing cardiovascular disease. The recommended TFA intake as low possible, within context nutritionally adequate diet. Different countries have introduced different measures to minimize exposure their population TFAs. Previous data shown content has significantly decreased in Western European countries, while this was not case many Central-Eastern...

Vitamin D (VitD) has a critical role in phosphorous–calcium metabolism as well an important the immune system. In human body, VitD is synthesized cholecalciferol skin, but this process requires sunlight (UVB) radiation. Numerous reports showed high prevalence of deficiency, particularly during winter season, indicating importance supplementation. Various factors can affect absorption VitD, including dosage and formulation. The primary study objective was to examine efficiency supplementation...

Vitamin D is a pro-hormone, essential for musculo-skeletal health, normal immune system, and numerous other body functions. deficiency considered as risk factor in many conditions, there growing evidence of its potential role the severity COVID-19 outcomes. However, an alarmingly high prevalence vitamin reported regions, supplementation commonly recommended, particularly during wintertime. To reduce Slovenian population pandemic, we conducted mass media intervention with educational...

Excessive sugar intake and the associated increased obesity risk indicate that food reformulation is needed. Non-alcoholic beverages are often high in free sugars, making with low no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) a common choice. Our knowledge of use LNCS European supply is, however, very limited. This study aimed to evaluate trends different non-alcoholic Slovenian over course two years. We assessed which most used how affects energy content. analyzed labeling information selected grocery...

Summary indicator front-of-package nutrition labelling schemes are gaining momentum. In Europe, an example of such a scheme is Nutri-Score, which was first introduced in France. Supported by additional research, the has potential to expand into other countries. Such scenario opens series questions related use Nutri-Score territories with pre-existing food schemes. A key question whether different would provide conflicting information for consumers when applied same foods. The goal our study...

Ultra-processed, pre-packaged foods are becoming a growing part of our diet, while displacing whole and minimally processed foods. This results in an increased intake free sugar, salt, saturated fats, that have profoundly negative effect on health. We aimed to assess the trend sugar content Slovenia evaluate efficacy industry self-regulations designed combat excess consumption sugar. A nation-wide data collection Slovenian food supply was performed 2015 repeated 2017. In 2017, 54.5% all...

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide public health concern, which can be addressed with voluntary or mandatory food fortification. The aim of this study was to determine if branded composition databases used investigate fortification practices. A case conducted using two nationally representative cross-sectional datasets foods in Slovenia, collected 2017 and 2020, yearly sales data. Using labeling data we investigated prevalence average vitamin content, while nutrient profiling overall...

Inadequate iron intake and deficiency are recognised as a public health problem in the population at large, particularly specific subpopulations. Dietary was analysed using data of national Slovenian food consumption study, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10–74 years), while status evaluated with laboratory analyses blood haemoglobin, serum ferritin, concentration samples, collected Nutrihealth study 280, adults). The estimated daily usual population-weighted mean intakes ranged from 16.0 mg...

Abstract Objective: The objective of study was to assess 24-h urinary Na and K excretion estimate the average salt intakes in a nationally representative sample adult population Slovenia. Design: A cross-sectional conducted four stages between September November 2022: questionnaire, physical measurements, urine collection laboratory analysis. Setting: Participants: We invited 2000 adult, non-institutionalised inhabitants Slovenia, aged 25 64 years. stratified two-staged selected from this by...

Inadequate vitamin D status is a worldwide public health issue. In humans, affected by diet, and even more exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light consequential endogenous synthesis. Various personal environmental factors influence Factors affecting were investigated in prospective longitudinal cohort study with summer winter observation period.The final sample included 292 adults, of those 111 (38%) males 181 (62%) females, mean age 38.2 (±11.8) years from Slovenia who not supplementing D....

The market of gluten-free (GF) foods has been expanding in recent years. GF are consumed not only by those with medical predispositions for avoiding gluten, but also a specific segment consumers, searching “healthier” food choices. For these, such practices can present serious limitation the variability Considering that commonly perceived as healthier alternatives, there is lack knowledge on nutritional profile and content nutrients GF-labelled compared to general supply. A comparison...

High sodium intake is the leading diet-related risk factor for mortality globally. Many countries have introduced policies to support reformulation of foods and reduce intake, mainly on a voluntary basis, but there are limited data available about long-term efficiency such measures. Slovenia implemented salt reduction period 2010-2020; these also included with lowering content. This study's aim was explore nationally representative branded food datasets collected in years 2011, 2015, 2017,...

Consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFA) is a well-established risk factor for CVD morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to investigate TFA levels in Slovenian food supply.

Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) has been unequivocally linked to several adverse health effects, with the increased risk cardiovascular disease being one most well understood. To reduce TFA-related morbidity and mortality, countries have imposed voluntary or mandatory measures minimize content industrial TFAs (iTFAs) in food supply. In 2018, Slovenia introduced a ban on iTFAs top preceding calls industry its use partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) as main source iTFAs. investigate...