Sociality has evolved in many animal taxa, but primates are unusual because they establish highly differentiated bonds with other group members. Such particularly pronounced among females species like baboons, female philopatry and male dispersal. These relationships seem to confer a number of short-term benefits on females, sociality enhances infant survival some populations. However, the long-term consequences social adult have not been well established. Here we provide first direct...

Analyses of the pattern associations, social interactions, coalitions, and aggression among chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in Okavango Delta Botswana over a 16-year period indicate that adult females form close, equitable, supportive, enduring relationships. They show strong stable preferences for close kin, particularly their own mothers daughters. Females also attachments to unrelated who are age likely be paternal half-sisters. Although absolute rates kin as high nonkin, more...

The apparent rarity of contingent cooperation in animals has convinced many investigators that such reciprocity is unimportant, stimulating consideration alternative explanations for cooperation, as by-product mutualism and biological markets motivated by the likelihood immediate reward. Nevertheless, there also limited evidence do sometimes rely on memory recent interactions when behaving altruistically toward others. Here we describe a playback experiment conducted wild female baboons,...

In some species habitual same-sex sexual behavior co-occurs with high levels of intra-sexual alliance formation, suggesting that these behaviors may be linked. We tested for such a link by comparing behavioral and physiological outcomes sex unrelated same- opposite-sex partners in female bonobos (Pan paniscus). analyzed following 971 events involving n = 19 8 male adult sub-adult members wild, habituated bonobo community. additionally collected 143 urine samples before after interactions to...

Abstract We examined seasonal patterns of fruit availability, dietary quality, and group size in the descendants an introduced chimpanzee population on Rubondo Island, Tanzania. The site has supported a free‐ranging without provisioning for 40 years. Our goals were to determine whether chimpanzees experience periods shortage, they respond changes availability similarly at endemic sites. indexed tree liana species transects stratified across three ranging areas. used fecal analyses evaluate...

Abstract Referential and iconic gesturing provide a means to flexibly intentionally share information about specific entities, locations, or goals. The extent which nonhuman primates use such gestures is therefore of special interest for understanding the evolution human language. Here, we describe novel observations wild female bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) using referential potentially initiate genito-genital (GG) rubbing, serves important functions in reducing social tension facilitating...

Abstract Objectives Female bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) are characterized as highly affiliative and cooperative, but few studies have quantified the strength stability of female intra‐sexual relationships or explored how variation in social influences cooperation. We measure preferences, identify causes test whether preferences predicts food sharing coalitionary support. Methods Data were collected over 3 years from females Bompusa community at LuiKotale, DRC. measured genetic relatedness...

Adult male chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) form preferential associations, or friendships, with particular lactating females. Males exhibit high levels of affiliative contact their friends' infants and defend them from potentially infanticidal attacks (Palombit et al. 1997). Little is known about males' associations juveniles once they have passed the period risk. We conducted an observational, experimental, genetic study adult juvenile in Moremi Reserve, Botswana. identified...

Abstract Group-living primates exhibit variable reactions to intergroup encounters (or IGEs), reflecting species-specific strategies and individual motivations. In chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), dominating in IGEs provides fitness benefits. Less is known about responses bonobos paniscus ) despite their equal relevance for understanding the origins of human relations. We observed Bompusa West (WBp) bonobo community at LuiKotale during a 2-month shift ranging resulting frequent with smaller...

Helping behaviour is of special interest for prosociality because it appears to be motivated by the needs others. We developed a novel paradigm investigate helping in pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus ) and tested 75 individuals eight groups their home pens. Two identical compartments were attached pen, equipped with window, door that could opened from outside lifting handle. Pigs all spontaneously doors during 5-day familiarization. During testing, each pig was isolated once its group placed one...

Conventional pigs are typically raised under intensive conditions, which often do not meet pigs' basic needs regarding behavioural expression and cognitive challenge, likely threatening their welfare. Thus, enabling the experience of positive affective states and, consequently, welfare should be encouraged. We investigated potential salivary oxytocin (sOXT) eye (i.e., lachrymal caruncle region) temperature measured by infrared thermography as indicators environmental enrichment material...

Abstract The release of any species into a novel environment can evoke transmission parasites that do not normally parasitize the host as well potentially introducing new environment. Species introductions incur such risks, yet little is currently known about parasite fauna introduced primate over long term. We describe results long‐term monitoring intestinal an unprovisioned, reproducing population chimpanzees 40 years earlier (1966–1969) onto Rubondo Island in Lake Victoria, Tanzania,...

The extent of differentiation social relationships within groups is a means to assess complexity, with greater indicating complexity. Socio-ecological factors are likely influence but no attempt has been made explain the using multiple socio-ecological factors. Here, we propose conceptual framework based on four components underlying that relationships: within-group contest competition access resources, which individuals differ in their ability provide variety services, need for group-level...

Animals respond to inherently rewarding or punishing stimuli with changes in core affective states, which can be investigated the aid of appropriate biomarkers. In this study we evaluate salivary cortisol (sCORT) and oxytocin (sOXT) concentrations under baseline conditions response two negatively- positively-valenced social challenges 75 young pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), housed tested eight groups. We predicted that: (1) Relative baseline, weaning brief isolation would associated increases...

Ensuring horse welfare is a central aim in equestrian activities. Training an important context for welfare, as horses form long-lasting representations of people and actions at young age. However, only few studies have addressed horses' emotional responses during early training with humans. In this study, we followed N = 19 horses, including naïve yearlings more experienced two- to three-year-olds, through five foundation sessions over nine months. Our goal was combine physiological...

In species with a high degree of fission-fusion social dynamics, fusions may trigger conflict and thus provide an opportunity to identify sources tension mechanisms related its alleviation. We characterized behavioral endocrine responses captive female bonobos (Pan paniscus) within zoo facility designed simulate naturalistic dynamics. compared urinary cortisol levels frequencies aggression, grooming socio-sexual interactions between while in stable sub-groups when one “joiner” was reunited...

Abstract Altering one’s emotional state in response to the expressions of others, called contagion, is a well-studied phenomenon humans and many nonhuman animals. Here we describe methods that are typically used assess changes demonstrators transmission emotions naïve observers. We then review evidence for positive negative farm conclude by highlighting examples how better understanding contagion animals can lead novel innovative interventions improve their welfare.

Although best known for its established role in mediating parturition and lactation, the highly-conserved neuropeptide hormone oxytocin also mediates a range of social stress-buffering processes across mammalian species. Measurements peripheral plasma have long been considered gold standard, but there is increasing interest developing methods to detect non-invasively saliva. Here we present an analytical biological validation novel method measure salivary (sOXT) under-studied research group:...

The chimpanzee pinworm, Enterobius (Enterobius) anthropopitheci (Gedoelst, 1916) (Nematoda: Oxyuridae), is redescribed based on light and scanning electron microscopy of both sexes collected from the feces chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, an introduced population Rubondo Island, Tanzania. (E.) characterized by having a small body (males 1.13–1.83 mm long, females 3.33–4.73 long), rather straight spicule with ventral membranous formation in males, double-crested lateral alae females, eggs (53–58...