Abstract Choices on discount rates have important implications for the outcomes of economic evaluations health interventions and policies. In global health, such typically apply a rate 3% costs, mirroring guidance developed high-income countries, notably USA. The article investigates suitability these guidelines [i.e. with focus low- middle-income countries (LMICs)] seeks to identify best practice. Our analysis builds an overview academic literature discounting in evaluations, existing or...

This paper investigates the determinants and macroeconomic role of remittances in sub-Saharan Africa. It assembles most comprehensive data set available so far on region; it comprises for 36 countries 1990 through 2008, incorporates newly size location diaspora. We find that are larger with a diaspora or when is located wealthier countries, they behave counter-cyclically, consistent as shock absorber. Although effect growth regressions negative, well functioning domestic institutions seem...

Optima is a software package for modeling HIV epidemics and interventions that we developed to address practical policy program problems encountered by funders, governments, health planners, implementers. Optima's key feature its ability perform resource optimization meet strategic objectives, including HIV-related financial commitment projections economic assessments. Specifically, allows users choose set of objectives (such as minimizing new infections, deaths, and/or long-term...

The issue of time horizons has received scant attention in discussions pertaining to health economic evaluations unlike discounting or translation outcomes into life-cycle measures (e.g. quality-adjusted life years disability-adjusted years). available guidelines do not offer clear and consistent guidance for many problems addressed evaluations. In practice, variation between studies the same diseases is a matter concern, as results on cost-effectiveness depend horizon. Our paper contributes...

Anna Vassall and colleagues discuss the need for, challenges facing, innovative sustainable financing of HIV response. Please see later in article for Editors' Summary.

The paper provides an analysis of the impact HIV/AIDS on health sector, public education, supply labor and returns to training in nine Southern African countries. Drawing preceding sections, it assesses per capita income a neoclassical growth framework. affects mainly through its human capital, as measured by experienced workers. Other factors include capital accumulation, total factor productivity.

Empirical studies and population-level policy simulations show the importance of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) in generalized epidemics. This paper complements available scenario-based (projecting costs outcomes over some period, typically spanning decades) by adopting an incremental approach-analyzing expected consequences circumcising one individual with specific characteristics a year. approach yields more precise estimates VMMC's cost-effectiveness identifies current...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of IMF.The expressed in this are those authors and do necessarily represent IMF or policy.Working Papers describe research progress by published to elicit comments further debate.The paper investigates determinants macroeconomic role remittances sub-Saharan Africa, assembling most comprehensive dataset available so far on region incorporating data diaspora.It finds that larger for countries with a diaspora when is located...

The "greying of AIDS" - the aging population living with HIV who benefit from antiretroviral treatment (ART) and emergence age-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has been well documented. emerging health systems challenges eg, implications on disease burden NCDs level, evolving role as a co-morbidity or co-existing various are less understood. paper elucidates these by providing quantitative analysis HIV-NCD interactions for Botswana.We projected prevalence selected in Botswana using...

The paper evaluates the impact of HIV/AIDS on welfare in several countries affected by epidemic. Unlike studies focusing GDP per capita, we evaluate increased mortality using estimates value statistical life. Our results illustrate catastrophic worst-affected and suggest that income capita capture only a very small proportion HIV/AIDS.

The paper provides an analysis of the impact HIV/AIDS on health sector, public education, supply labor and returns to training in nine Southern African countries. Drawing preceding sections, it assesses per capita income a neoclassical growth framework. affects mainly through its human capital, as measured by experienced workers. Other factors include capital accumulation, total factor productivity.

This paper offers an analysis of the costs and financing HIV/AIDS programs for countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The rate external varies with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, but not much at all HIV prevalence. In six thirty-four examined, will exceed 3 percent GDP by 2015. Most these are low-income countries. Considerable support current rates would help contain fiscal to around 1 GDP. But if that dwindles, have borrow money or cut back on their own spending HIV/AIDS.

The paper investigates the determinants and macroeconomic role of remittances in sub-Saharan Africa, assembling most comprehensive dataset available so far on region incorporating data diaspora. It finds that are larger for countries with a diaspora or when is located wealthier countries, they behave countercyclically, consistent as shock absorber. Although effect growth regressions negative, well functioning domestic institutions seem nevertheless to be better at unlocking potential...

Niger's low-burden, sex-work-driven HIV epidemic is situated in a context of high economic and demographic growth. Resource availability HIV/AIDS has been decreasing recently. In 2007-2012, only 1% expenditure was for sex work interventions, but an estimated 37% incidence directly linked to 2012. The Government Niger requested assistance determine efficient allocation its resources strengthen programming workers.Optima, integrated epidemiologic optimization tool, applied using local...

Understanding barriers to access essential health services is critical for devising effective strategies improve and align such with national development policy objectives. However, while considerable empirical evidence exists on correlates of HIV prevalence populations at risk contracting HIV, there very little antiretroviral therapy. This paper addresses this gap through a cross-sectional analysis coverage therapy its across 47 counties in Kenya. It considers health-sector social factors,...

This paper analyzes the welfare benefits from falling relative prices of IT (information technology) goods across a wide range countries. We find, using two separate methodologies and datasets, that mainly accrue to users IT, not their producers, because prices. is important, as production use are highly differentiated countries, implies earlier work on how affects real GDP, while useful in calibrating overall revolution, less valuable way assessing distribution benefits.

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of IMF.The expressed in this are those author(s) and do necessarily represent IMF or policy.Working Papers describe research progress by published to elicit comments further debate.Using available data on distribution HIV/AIDS prevalence across population groups for four sub-Saharan African countries transposing information household income expenditure surveys, we simulate impact poverty inequality.We find that epidemic...

Using available data on the distribution of HIV/AIDS prevalence across population groups for four sub-Saharan African countries and transposing this information to household income expenditure surveys, we simulate impact poverty inequality. We find that epidemic lowers average increases poverty, jump in is larger than expected from fall income. This disproportionate increase reflects large share living threshold higher HIV rates those segments population.

The paper addresses the impact of HIV/AIDS on per capita output and income, with particular emphasis role labor mobility between formal informal sectors, epidemic investment decisions. study finds that affects both supply demand for in sector. Only if there is a significant rise capital-labor ratio, will be an increase sector employment. However, this associated decline rate return to capital. To extent companies respond by reducing conventional models underestimate adverse employment,...