Powertrain electrification continues to be a growing trend in vehicular applications. Electric powertrains have numerous advantages over traditional mechanical and hydraulic but there are still important challenges overcome for long-term commercial success. This research presents technological assessment of present future developments powertrain non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). The opportunities NRMM described detail. trends drivers related development such as regulations, policies market...

The technical maturity and rapidly increasing market share of electrified vehicles have given more importance to the cabin thermal management. Efficient management has a key role maintain adequate electric operating range, protect components from aging ensure passenger comfort. This research comprehensively reviews systems for vehicles. Various vehicle modeling techniques concepts comfort been discussed. Different operational solutions in hot cold climate conditions are evaluated. recent...

The uncertainty of operating conditions such as weather and payload cause variations in the energy demand electric city buses. Uncertain variation is a challenge design charging systems on-board storages. To predict demand, computationally efficient model required for real-time applications. We present novel approach to with wide range uncertain factors. A factor identification carried out recognize conditions. surrogate generated based on previously developed numerical simulation model....

Alternative powertrains are rapidly increasing in popularity city buses. Hence, it is vitally important to understand the factors affecting performance of order operate them on appropriate routes and as efficiently possible. To that end, this paper presents an exhaustive driving cycle passenger load sensitivity analysis for most common bus powertrain topologies. Three-thousand synthetic cycles were generated a typical suburban route based measured numbers from route. The simulated with six...

Uncertainty in operation factors, such as the weather and driving behavior, makes it difficult to accurately predict energy consumption of electric buses. As varies, dimensioning battery capacity charging systems is challenging requires a dedicated decision-making process. To investigate impact uncertainty, six buses were measured three routes with an Internet Things (IoT) system from February 2016 December 2017 southern Finland real conditions. The measurement results thoroughly analyzed...

Thermal management is becoming ever more important in passenger vehicles the trend of vehicle electrification. Even though most still have relatively conventional thermal systems, advanced technologies been increasingly developed. The internal combustion engine had central role but due to powertrain hybridization and electrification, engines are nowadays efficient, smaller size, running less frequently. Especially for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, not always used or even available, and,...

The objectives of this research were to develop simulation models for agricultural tractors with different powertrain technologies and evaluate the energy consumption in typical operations. Simulation developed conventional, parallel hybrid electric, series fuel cell hybrid, battery electric powertrains. Autonomie vehicle software (version 2022) was used simulations tractor simulated two tilling cycles a road transport cycle trailer. alternative powertrains configured have at least same...

Accurate positioning is one of the main components and challenges for precision forestry. This study was established to test feasibility a low-cost GNSS receiver, u-blox ZED-F9P, in movable RTK mode with features that determine its accuracy following logging trails forest environment. The receiver controlled via geodetic-grade high-density LiDAR data. nearby were extracted from data three categories: tree characteristics; ground-surface conditions; crown-surface conditions. An object-based...

The objective of this paper is to evaluate technical requirements for electrochemical energy storage systems (ESSs) in hybrid mining loaders. These take into account power and capacity, costs, life cycle, safety-related requirements. evaluation the based on characteristics current technology vehicle simulation results. shows that lithium-based batteries offer sufficient capacity; meanwhile, cost cycle durability are dependent operating strategy configuration loader. In particular,...

Transportation electrification is increasing and recently more focus has been directed on heavy vehicles especially city buses. Battery electric buses are inherently energy efficient than diesel the efficiency can be further increased by different methods. This paper evaluates consumption reductions that achievable with an aluminum chassis, low-drag body, low-rolling-resistance class C tires, heat pump, predictive driving. A simulation model of a generic bus was developed in Simulink...

Electrification of non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a growing trend. This paper highlights the potential electric and hybrid powertrains in different NRMM sectors elaborates factors that may hinder development. The sectors, vehicle types, their operation duty cycles market shares are described. Comparison between typical on-road off-road vehicles performed order to gain insight into specific features vehicles. development subject various drivers range from customer needs fuel energy...

In the field of precision agriculture, weed detection models combined with selective spraying by ground or aerial robotics are seen as promising approaches for increasing yield harvests while simultaneously minimizing herbicide use. The available labeled training data a major bottleneck developing and applying supervised deep learning models, more automated methods generation therefore needed. Our research aims to address this need introducing rule-based method label perennial weeds. For...

Transportation electrification is increasing and recently more focus has been directed on heavy vehicles especially city buses. Battery electric buses are inherently energy efficient than diesel the efficiency can be further increased by different methods. This paper evaluates key factors that influence consumption of battery A simulation model a generic bus was developed in Autonomie software. Simulations were carried out conditions including typical driving cycles climate conditions....

This study investigated the possibility to increase electric vehicle's energy efficiency with a two-speed gearbox. The evaluation was based on simulations midsize vehicle model. Simulations were carried out in different driving cycles and optimal gearbox parameters determined for each cycle. In Case 1) maps used motor inverter. 2) inverter assumed constant map only motor. saving potential determined. simulation results showed that could improve efficiency. improvement depends cycle drive...

This paper evaluates thermal losses and energy transfer in the powertrain components of an electric city bus. A simulation model bus was developed AMESim software. Simulations were carried out four different driving cycles ambient temperatures. The results show that there is a strong correlation between inverter motor with total losses. Based on results, from to coolant analyzed. battery higher more demanding whereas aggressive has impact motor. In cold temperature, auxiliary power increase...

This paper presents a modal analysis of different drivetrain configurations in electric vehicles; 1) an – wheel motor, 2) direct drive, and 3) motor with reduction gear differential gear. A specific simulation model was developed to analyze the vibrations while taking into account traction possible mechanical gears, driveshaft, as well Rigid Ring Model (RRM) describe tire. On basis results, frequency responses were calculated for each configuration also non-drive, free-rolling The analyzed...

In this paper, we present a regularization method in the nonstationary inverse problem for diffuse optical tomography (DOT). The is based on choosing time evolution process such that stationary state it has covariance function which corresponds to with similar smoothness properties as first-order Tikhonov regularization. proposed computationally more lightweight than where augmented measurement. was tested case of DOT. A solid phantom tissue made, incorporating two moving parts simulate...