Alternative powertrains are rapidly increasing in popularity city buses. Hence, it is vitally important to understand the factors affecting performance of order operate them on appropriate routes and as efficiently possible. To that end, this paper presents an exhaustive driving cycle passenger load sensitivity analysis for most common bus powertrain topologies. Three-thousand synthetic cycles were generated a typical suburban route based measured numbers from route. The simulated with six...

Previous driving cycle generation studies have focused on constructing a single from large data set. This paper takes the opposite approach by presenting novel synthetization method that can generate number of varying cycles and passenger numbers for chosen bus route based only handful measured cycles. The validity was confirmed comparing statistical properties synthesized to those selected route. applied analyze impact load variations energy consumption battery electric suburban in Espoo,...

Uncertainty in operation factors, such as the weather and driving behavior, makes it difficult to accurately predict energy consumption of electric buses. As varies, dimensioning battery capacity charging systems is challenging requires a dedicated decision-making process. To investigate impact uncertainty, six buses were measured three routes with an Internet Things (IoT) system from February 2016 December 2017 southern Finland real conditions. The measurement results thoroughly analyzed...

This study investigates the potential of improving energy efficiency and reducing lifecycle costs electric city buses with multispeed gearboxes. A two-speed dual clutch gearbox a continuously variable transmission were studied compared to reference fixed gear ratio powertrain. novel two-level optimization model was introduced. The top level involves an exhaustive search algorithm quasi-static vehicle dynamic for optimizing ratios, utilizing maps motor inverter. second is integer programming...

The objectives of this research were to develop simulation models for agricultural tractors with different powertrain technologies and evaluate the energy consumption in typical operations. Simulation developed conventional, parallel hybrid electric, series fuel cell hybrid, battery electric powertrains. Autonomie vehicle software (version 2022) was used simulations tractor simulated two tilling cycles a road transport cycle trailer. alternative powertrains configured have at least same...

Transportation electrification is increasing and recently more focus has been directed on heavy vehicles especially city buses. Battery electric buses are inherently energy efficient than diesel the efficiency can be further increased by different methods. This paper evaluates consumption reductions that achievable with an aluminum chassis, low-drag body, low-rolling-resistance class C tires, heat pump, predictive driving. A simulation model of a generic bus was developed in Simulink...

There has recently been a rapid increase in the number of partially automated systems passenger vehicles. This necessitated greater focus on effect have comfort and trust passengers. One significant issue is delayed detection stationary or harshly braking paper proposes novel brake light algorithm order to improve ride comfort. The system uses camera YOLOv3 object detector detect bounding boxes vehicles ahead ego vehicle. are preprocessed with L*a*b colorspace thresholding. Thereafter,...

The objective of this study was to analyze the energy consumption variations an electric city bus caused by driving cycle uncertainty on a specific route. A novel analysis method developed create reliable forecast for is based synthesizing new artificial cycles selected route compiling from segments actual measured segment-based synthetization algorithm randomizes stops at which vehicle and base used each segment 4000 were synthesized suburban in Espoo, Finland, validated full- simulation...

Electric buses are particularly suitable for city and suburban routes due to zero local exhaust noise emissions. The operation schedule interval defines the charging power, bus fleet size total cost of ownership a bus. We propose novel cost-benefit method scheduling an electric on single route. Three different infrastructure scenarios were considered. In first scenario, only one station was used. second scenario considered two stations that located at same terminus. third opposite...

Different estimations have been presented for the amount of electric vehicles in future. These rarely take into account any realistic dynamics vehicle fleet. The objective this paper is to analyze recently future scenarios about passenger fleet and create a foundation development estimation model cars dedicated Finnish market conditions. specific conditions light-duty are taken as boundary development. can be used emissions-optimal fleets evaluation carbon dioxide emissions transportation....

Electrification of transportation is an effective way to tackle climate change. Public transportation, such as electric buses, operate on predetermined routes and offer quiet operation, zero local emissions high energy efficiency. However, the batteries these buses are expensive wear out in use. The battery ageing expedited by fast charging power spikes during operation. contribution this paper reduction thus a prolonged lifetime. A novel hybrid storage system for proposed introducing...

Abstract In an attempt to mitigate emissions and road traffic, a significant interest has been recently noted in expanding the use of shared vehicles replace private modes transport. However, one outstanding issue hesitancy passengers due substandard levels interior cleanliness, as result leftover items from previous users. The current research focuses on developing novel prediction model using computer vision capable detecting various types trash valuables vehicle timely manner enhance...

This study focused on the possibility of implementing a vision-based architecture to monitor and detect presence trash or valuables in shared cars. The system was introduced take pictures rear seating area four-door passenger car. Image capture performed with stationary wide-angled camera unit, image classification conducted prediction model remote server. For classification, convolutional neural network (CNN) form fine-tuned VGG16 developed. CNN yielded an accuracy 91.43% batch 140 test...

Driver assistance systems, such as adaptive cruise control, are an increasing commodity in modern vehicles. Our earlier experience of radar-based control has indicated repeatable abrupt behavior when approaching a stopped vehicle at high speed, which is typical for extra-urban roads. Abrupt assisted driving not only decreases the passenger trust but also reduces comfort levels systems. We present design and proof-of-concept machine vision-enhanced controller. A vision-based brake light...

Agricultural emissions can be significantly reduced with smart farming, which includes moving away from large conventional tractors to fleets of compact wheeled electric robots. This paper presents a novel simulation modeling approach for an ATV-sized agricultural robot pulling implement on deformable terrain. The 2D model features semiempirical tire–soil interaction as well powertrain model. Rear-wheel drive (RWD), front-wheel (FWD), and all-wheel (AWD) versions were developed. Simulations...