Abstract During intraocular bacterial infections, the primary innate responders are neutrophils, which may cause bystander damage to retina or perturb clarity of visual axis. We hypothesized that cytokine IL-6 and chemokine CXCL1 contributed rapid neutrophil recruitment during Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis, a severe form infection is characterized by explosive inflammation retinal often leads vision loss. To test this hypothesis, we compared endophthalmitis pathogenesis in C57BL/6J,...

Ocular infections can be medical emergencies that result in permanent visual impairment or blindness and loss of quality life. Bacteria are a major cause ocular infections. Effective treatment requires knowledge which bacteria the likely infection. This survey bacterial isolates review pathogens is based on collection banked over ten-year span at Dean McGee Eye Institute Oklahoma. These findings illustrate diversity isolated from eye, ranging common species to rare unique species. At all...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential novel combination Bacillus bacteriophage lysin (PlyB) and a synthetic TLR2/4 inhibitor (oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, OxPAPC) in treatment experimental cereus endophthalmitis. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were injected with 100 colony forming units (CFUs) induce Two hours postinfection, groups treated either PlyB, PlyB OxPAPC, or left untreated serve as control. A group uninfected only...

purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine what extent blood–retinal barrier (BRB) permeability occurred during experimental Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis and whether tight junction alterations were involved in permeability. methods. Mice intravitreally injected with 100 colony-forming units B. cereus, eyes analyzed at specific times after infection for fibrin albumin, quantitation intraocular plasma constituent leakage, production inflammatory cytokines, protein localization...

Bacillus cereus causes a uniquely rapid and blinding intraocular infection, endophthalmitis. B. replicates in the eye, synthesizes numerous toxins, incites explosive inflammation. The mechanisms involved immune response have not been addressed. Because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are integral to initial recognition of organisms during we hypothesized that observed endophthalmitis is directly influenced by presence TLR2, known Gram-positive pathogen receptor. To address this hypothesis,...

Inflammation caused by infection with Gram-positive bacteria is typically initiated interactions Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Endophthalmitis, an and inflammation of the posterior segment eye, can lead to vision loss when a virulent microbial pathogen. Endophthalmitis Bacillus cereus develops as acute infiltrating neutrophils, potentially catastrophic. Residual observed during B. endophthalmitis in TLR2(-/-) mice led us investigate additional innate pathways that may trigger intraocular...

To develop a mouse model of adenoviral keratitis that will allow further study viral and host pathogenic mechanisms.Corneas C57BL/6J mice were injected with adenovirus type 37 (Ad37) or virus-free dialysis buffer by gas-powered microinjection system coupled to glass micropipette needle. Mouse corneas examined for signs inflammation, clinical examination, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy; assayed chemokine mRNA expression real-time PCR; titered assess replication; subjected ELISA...

B. cereus possesses flagella which allow the organism to migrate within eye during a blinding form of intraocular infection called endophthalmitis. Because is ligand for Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), we hypothesized that TLR5 contributed endophthalmitis pathogenesis. Endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6J and TLR5−/− mice by injecting 100 CFU into mid-vitreous. Eyes were analyzed bacterial growth, retinal function, inflammation published methods. Purified flagellin also injected mid-vitreous...

The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) functions to maintain the immune privilege of eye, which is necessary for normal vision. outer BRB formed by tightly-associated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells limit transport within environment, maintaining function and viability. Retinal microvascular complications RPE dysfunction resulting from diabetes diabetic retinopathy cause permeability changes in that compromise function. Diabetes major predisposing condition underlying endogenous bacterial...

Bacillus endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection. Hallmarks of include robust inflammation and rapid loss vision. We reported that the absence surface layer protein (SLP) significantly blunted severity. Here, we further investigated SLP in context Bacillus-retinal cell interactions innate immune pathways to explore mechanisms by which contributes inflammation. compared phenotypes Wild-type (WT) deficient (∆slpA) thuringiensis analyzing bacterial adherence phagocytosis human retinal...

ABSTRACT Adenovirus type 19 is a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, the only ocular adenoviral infection associated with prolonged corneal inflammation. In this study, we investigated role phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt their downstream targets in adenovirus infection, here report novel finding that utilizes PI3K/Akt pathway to maintain fibroblast viability acute infection. We demonstrate phosphorylation GSK-3β nuclear translocation p65 subunit NF-κB, both pathway,...

Purpose: To define the histopathology of Salzmann nodular degeneration and suggest potential mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. Methods: Archived corneal biopsy specimens from 5 patients with were evaluated by chemical immunohistochemical staining to describe structure nodules phenotypes nodule epithelium stromal cells. Results: Each appeared as a hypercellular mound extracellular matrix located between thinned fragmented Bowman layer. Stromal cells within each stained positively for...

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that blood–retinal barrier compromise is associated with development of endogenous Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis. Methods: in vivo, streptozotocin-induced diabetes was induced C57BL/6J mice for 1, 3, or 5 months. Diabetic and age-matched nondiabetic were intravenously injected 108 colony-forming units (cfu) S. aureus, a common cause endophthalmitis diabetics. After 4 days post infection, electroretinography, histology, bacterial counts performed....

Purpose: Bacillus causes a sight-threating infection of the posterior segment eye. The robust intraocular inflammatory response in this disease is likely activated via host innate receptor interactions with components cell envelope. S-layer proteins (SLPs) some Gram-positive pathogens contribute to pathogenesis certain infections. potential contributions SLPs eye have not been considered. Here, we explored role SLP (SlpA) endophthalmitis pathogenesis. Methods: phenotypes and infectivity...

Bacteriophage lytic enzymes (i.e., phage lysins) are a trending alternative for general antibiotics to combat growing antimicrobial resistance. Gram-positive

Purpose/Aim: Klebsiella pneumoniae causes a blinding infection called endogenous endophthalmitis. The role of innate immune recognition K. in the eye during is not known. We hypothesized that intraocular was mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and may be dependent on MagA-regulated hypermucoviscosity.Materials Methods: Experimental endophthalmitis induced C57BL/6J or TLR4−/− mice intravitreal injection 100 CFU wild type ΔmagA pneumoniae. Infection inflammation were quantified determining...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the C-X-C chemokines CXCL2 and CXCL10 as potential anti-inflammatory targets for Bacillus endophthalmitis. Methods: endophthalmitis induced in C57BL/6J, CXCL2−/−, CXCL10−/− mice. At specific times postinfection, eyes were analyzed Bacillus, retinal function, inflammation. efficacies intravitreal anti-CXCL2 anti-CXCL10 with or without gatifloxacin B. cereus also assessed using same techniques. Results: Despite similar growth mice, function...

To explore the consequences of innate interference on intraocular inflammatory responses during Bacillus endophthalmitis.