Abstract Significant climate anomalies persist through the summer (June–August) after El Niño dissipates in spring over equatorial Pacific. They include tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) warming, increased tropospheric temperature, an anomalous anticyclone subtropical northwest Pacific, and mei-yu–baiu rainfall East Asia. The cause of these lingering effects during is investigated using observations atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). results herein indicate...

Abstract El Niño’s influence on the subtropical northwest (NW) Pacific climate increased after regime shift of 1970s. This is manifested in well-organized atmospheric anomalies suppressed convection and a surface anticyclone during summer (June–August) Niño decay year [JJA(1)], season when equatorial sea temperature (SST) have dissipated. In situ observations ocean–atmospheric reanalyses are used to investigate mechanisms for interdecadal change. During JJA(1), Niño–Southern Oscillation...

Whether and how the atmosphere reacts to changes in extratropical sea surface temperature (SST) is under intense debate this lack of understanding has been a major obstacle study non‐El Nino climate variability. Using new satellite measurements, we detect clear ocean‐to‐atmospheric feedback Yellow East China (YEC) Seas that triggered by submerged ocean bottom topography. Under cooling winter, water properties are well mixed up 100 m deep. Ocean depth thus strong influence on SST continental...

Abstract A suite of shipboard and satellite observations are analyzed synthesized to investigate the three-dimensional structure clouds influences from sea surface temperature fronts over western North Pacific. Sharp transitions observed across Kuroshio Extension (KE) front in marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) its clouds. The ocean’s influence appears extend beyond MABL, with higher cloud tops altitude along KE than surroundings. In winter, intense turbulent heat release ocean takes...

Abstract The atmospheric response to the Gulf Stream front in sea surface temperature is investigated using high-resolution data from satellite observations and operational analysis forecast. Two types of are observed with different seasonality spatial distribution. In winter, wind convergence strong over proper between Cape Hatteras Great Banks, consistent pressure adjustments gradients. accompanied by enhanced precipitation frequent occurrence midlevel clouds. Local evaporation roughly...

Regional patterns of tropical Indo-Pacific climate change are investigated over the last six decades based on a synthesis in situ observations and ocean model simulations, with focus physical consistency among sea surface temperature (SST), cloud, level pressure (SLP), wind, subsurface temperature. A newly developed bias-corrected wind dataset displays westerly trends western Pacific easterly Indian Ocean, indicative slowdown Walker circulation. This pattern is consistent that observed SLP...

Abstract Ship-based measurements of sea surface wind speed display a spurious upward trend due to increases in anemometer height. To correct this bias, the authors constructed new dataset from ship observations and wave height archived International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). The Wave- Anemometer-based Sea Wind (WASWind) is available for velocity scalar at monthly resolution on 4° × longitude–latitude grid 1950 2008. It substantially reduces through correction...

With amplified warming and record sea ice loss, the Arctic is canary of global warming. The historical poorly understood, limiting our confidence in model projections. Specifically, surface air temperature increased rapidly over early 20th century, at rates comparable to those recent decades despite much weaker greenhouse gas forcing. Here, we show that concurrent phase shift Pacific Atlantic interdecadal variability modes major driver for rapid 20th-century Atmospheric simulations...

Slow modulation of interannual variability and its relationship to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated for the period 1870–2007 using shipboard surface meteorological observations along a frequently traveled track across north Indian Ocean (NIO; from Gulf Aden through Malacca Strait) South China Sea (to Luzon Strait). During decades in late nineteenth–early twentieth century century, Niño–induced NIO warming persists longer than during 1910s–mid-1970s, well into summer...

Abstract The influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Atlantic Niño over past 113 years is investigated by comparing multi-year and single-year ENSO events. Multi-year events sustain an anomalous zonal gradient sea surface temperature (SST) in equatorial western to central Pacific even during boreal spring summer. This SST coupled with Walker circulation atmospheric deep convection through Bjerknes feedback. During La Niñas, for example, a strengthened extends into tropical...

Abstract The confluence of the Brazil–Malvinas Currents maintains strong sea surface temperature (SST) fronts in midlatitude southwestern Atlantic year-round. SST effects on near-surface stability and wind variations are examined this region using satellite situ datasets. Satellite observations show (weak) speeds over warm Brazil (cold Malvinas) Current. A novel feature study is construction a high-resolution meteorological dataset that based historical ship observations. Analysis new...

Abstract In the summer of 2004, Kuroshio took a large meander path south Japan for first time since 1991, and this event persisted until next summer. Satellite observations numerical model simulations are used to study effect on atmosphere. The leaves cool water pool between Japanese coast. Sea surface temperature (SST) in is about 2°–3°C colder than surroundings during winter spring, whereas SST signature substantially weakens A local reduction wind speed found over pool, positive SST–wind...

Abstract The eastern tropical Pacific features strong climatic asymmetry across the equator, with intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) displaced north of equator most time. In February–April (FMA), seasonal warming in Southern Hemisphere and cooling Northern weaken asymmetry, a double ITCZ appears zonal rainband on either side equator. Results from an analysis precipitation variability reveal that relative strength between northern southern varies one year to another this meridional seesaw...

Abstract The role of extratropical atmosphere-ocean coupling in generating and maintaining large-scale atmospheric low-frequency variability remains an open question owing to vigorous internal fluctuations. Here, we use coupled uncoupled large-ensemble global model simulations clarify how the intensifies teleconnection patterns Northern Hemisphere winter. We show that selectively enhances variance three principal modes variability, explaining 13%, 11%, 10% total Pacific/North American, North...

We investigated seasonal transition of dominant modes sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the tropical Indian Ocean, analyzing National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ Center Atmospheric Research reanalysis products (NCEP/NCAR reanalyses), Global sea-Ice and SST dataset (GISST2.3b), Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). During coincidence years when Dipole (IOD) is followed by major El Niño during boreal autumn-winter season, dipole structure tends to turn into basinwide warm...

Shipboard radiosonde surveys were conducted during the 2003‐04 winter east of Japan to study atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure over Kuroshio Extension. ABL displayed large variations in vertical structure, most which are attributable changes surface stability. Where atmosphere was unstable (neutral) as measured by sea‐air temperature difference, turbulent heat flux increased (decreased) and a mixed‐layer developed (undeveloped) with weakened (intensified) wind shear. A linear...

Ocean tide is a periodic phenomenon of the rise and fall sea level that depends on bathymetry positions moon sun relative to earth. In Okhotsk Sea, ocean causes strong vertical mixing in upper ocean, generating rich structures summer SST with extraordinarily cold patches Kashevarov Bank, along Kuril Islands, northeast Terpeniya Peninsula, inside Shelikhov Bay. The present study analyzes synthesizes suite ship‐board satellite observations, numerical simulations investigate tidal cooling...

Abstract Atmospheric effects of sea surface temperature (SST) fronts along the Kuroshio and Extension (K-KE) are investigated by examining spatial characteristics climatological level pressure (SLP), winds heat flux (Q) fields based on an in situ observation dataset. A hydrostatic effect SST front is observed during northwesterly monsoon characterized a westward-extending low-SLP wedge (trough) slightly south peak Q K-KE. Ageostrophic westerlies crossing SLP isobars toward trough center...

Abstract Anthropogenic aerosols are a major driver of the twetieth century climate change. In models, aerosol forcing, larger in Northern than Southern Hemispheres, induces an interhemispheric Hadley circulation. support model result, we detected robust change zonal mean cross‐equatorial wind over past 60 years from ship observations and reanalyses, accompanied by physically consistent changes atmospheric pressure marine cloud cover. Single‐forcing experiments indicate that observed is...

Widespread public and scientific interest in the recent global warming hiatus related multidecadal climate variability stimulated a surge our understanding of key metrics change. While seeking explanations for nearly steady mean temperature from late 1990s through early 2010s, community also grappled with concomitant seemingly inconsistent changes other metrics. For example, over that period, Arctic sea ice experienced rapid decline but Antarctic expanded slightly, summertime warm extremes...

Abstract The baiu and Kuroshio Extension (KE) fronts, both zonally oriented nearly collocated east of Japan, are the dominant summertime features atmosphere ocean, respectively, over midlatitude northwest Pacific. An atmospheric sounding campaign was conducted on board R/V Roger Revelle during 2005 summer. Transects soundings across KE front analyzed to study its effects atmosphere, along with continuous surface meteorological ceilometer cloud-base observations. While remained stationary...