Abstract This study investigates the geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of Chia Gara Formation (Tithonian–Berriasian) in Northwestern (NW) Zagros Basin, Iraq. A comprehensive analysis forty–seven extract samples seven crude oil was conducted to evaluate formation’s petroleum potential. The total organic carbon (TOC) content analyzed ranged from 0.68% 3.95%, indicating fair excellent source rock quality. Rock–Eval parameters revealed thermal maturity, suggesting...

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been the overwhelmingly prevalent choice for high-data-rate systems due to its superior advantages compared with other modulation techniques. In contrast, a high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) is considered fundamental obstacle in OFDM since it drives system suffer from in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation. The partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique viewed as one of several strategies that have suggested diminish PAPR...

Although the OFDM system has been gaining importance in recent years, high peak to average power ratio is considered main limitation of system.The oversampling operation frequency-domain plays an essential role PAPR calculations precisely.The purpose paper draw attention zero-padding methods which are used oversampled baseband signals.Moreover, study influence on accuracy calculations, and spectral spreading signals.Simulation results show that method inserts zeros at center signal better...

The partial transmit sequence (PTS) considered as one of the efficient approaches to restrain high peak average-power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) frameworks.PTS relied on partitioning input data block and rotate them with a set phase vectors.In this study, novel technique is suggested improve PAPR reduction performance PTS by combining Hadamard matrix popular kinds schemes interleaving scheme (IL-PTS), adjacent (Ad-PTS), pseudo-random (PR-PTS).The new...

Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising candidate that expected to revolutionize indoor environment communications performance and fulfill fifth generation beyond (5GB) technologies requirements. It offers high free bandwidth, electromagnetic interference immunity, low-cost front end low power consumption. Also, VLC has dual functions could be utilized in both illumination concurrently. The number of optical attocells (OAs) their deployment the room represent main issue should taken...

Fuzzy logic controls (FLCs) have emerged as a promising solution for speed regulation in induction motor (IM) drives, offering adaptability to non-linearities, parameter variations, and external disturbances. However, conventional FLCs with fixed parameters huge number of rules can limit adaptiveness increase system complexity, leading deteriorated performance high computational requirements. Moreover, reliance on costly encoders traditional sensor-based IM drives introduces measurement...

Despite the fact that OFDM has numerous features, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) deems one of challenging disadvantages face by system in real applications.The PAPR limits signal efficiency on transmitter side.Thus many alleviation approaches have been suggested past.Partial transmit sequences (PTS) accounted as successful procedures for decreasing PAPR; with consideration computational complexity PTS method regarded relatively.Moreover, improving mitigation performance algorithm...

The research domain of underwater communication has garnered much interest among researchers exploring activities. environment differs from the terrestrial setting. Some main challenges in are limited bandwidth, low data rate, propagation delay, and high bit error rate (BER). As such, this study assessed acoustic (UWA) aspect explored expression performance based on t-distribution noise. Filter orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing refers to a new waveform candidate that been adopted...

Although the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system (OFDM) is widely used in high-speed data rate wire and wireless environment, peak-to- average-power-ratio (PAPR) one of its major obstacles for real applications. The high PAPR value leads some devices OFDM such as power amplifiers analog to digital converters work out band these devices. Thus efficiency degraded. Many techniques have been proposed overcome systems partial transmit sequences (PTS), selected mapping interleaving...

Due to the capacity crunch, intersymbol interference (ISI) and other constraints in radio frequency (RF), VLC has been considered as a promising technology mitigate these problems, it free license, wide bandwidth, low power consumption well immunity ISI. This paper aims reduce RMSD spread evaluate its performance at different SAAHP. In this paper, four topologies of optical attocells deployment an indoor system are investigated, which included four, five, nine sixteen typical room. The...

There is a high demand for underwater communication systems due to the increase in current social activities. The assumption of Gaussian noise allows use Traditional systems. However, non-Gaussian nature acoustic (UWAN) results poor performance such This study presents an experimental model channel tropical shallow water at Desaru beach on eastern shore Johor Malaysia, South China Sea with broadband hydrophones. A probability density function amplitude distribution proposed and its...

Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is considered an efficient algorithm to alleviate the high peak-toaverage power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems.The PTS technique depended on partitioning input data into several subblocks, and then weighting these subblocks with a group of phase factors.There are three common types schemes: interleaving scheme (IL-PTS), adjacent (Ad-PTS), pseudo-random (PR-PTS).The conventional schemes have various performances PAPR...

There are various challenges in underwater acoustic communication (UWA) however bit error rate (BER) is considered as the main challenge it significantly affects UWA communication. In this paper, different coding schemes such convolution, turbo, low density parity check (LDPC), and polar based on t-distribution noise channel investigated, binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation with a code of 1/2 has evaluation analyses. The these performed BER, computational complexity well latency....

Signal detection has been considered important in under-water signal processing and digital communications, depending upon noise statistics’ knowledge, near-optimum detections the acoustic noises (UWANs) may be realized a more effective manner. The theory of normal (i.e. Gaussian) permits using matched filter (MF) detectors; for that reason, locally optimal (LO) detector designed present work improving probability ( based on knowing density function (PDF) noise. Under-water utilized...

The study of the geochemical characterization sandstone rocks contributes to understand nature source rocks, their tectonic setting and effects paleoclimate paleo-weathering. Accordingly, twenty samples from red units Gercus Formation were collected northeastern limb Safin Anticline at Shaqlawa Area – Northern Iraq. studied show depletion in major, trace elements contents, except for CaO, MgO Ni, Co Cr respectively, general rare earth (REE) contents. Major element geochemistry indicates that...

The study is carried out on twenty shale samples that were collected from the Kolosh Formation (Paleocene – Early Eocene) within Dokan area at northeastern part of Iraq. subjected to laboratory studies including chemical analyses for origin rock characterizing source composition, paleo-weathering conditions and tectonic. compositions evaluated mainly based Al2O3/TiO2, TiO2/Zr ratios a TiO2 Al2O3bivariate. result suggest predominantly intermediate igneous shale’s. bivariate plot, (K2O/Na2O)...