Background The Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) rating scale is a commonly used questionnaire. Former studies have given inconsistent results as to the psychometric properties of HAD scale. Aims To examine in large population. Method All inhabitants aged 20–89 years ( n =92 100) were invited take part Nord-Tr⊘ndelag Health Study, Norway. A total 65 648 subjects participated, only completed forms =51 930) formed basis for examinations. Results Principal component analysis extracted two...

Objective Key biological factors that influence the development of depression are modified by diet. This study examined extent to which high-prevalence mental disorders related habitual diet in 1,046 women ages 20–93 years randomly selected from population. Method A quality score was derived answers a food frequency questionnaire, and factor analysis identified dietary patterns. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) used measure psychological symptoms, structured clinical...

To study prospectively the relations of insomnia to development anxiety disorders and depression in a population-based sample.Cohort based on data from 2 general health surveys adult population.Two population Nord-Trøndelag County Norway, HUNT-1 performed 1984-6 HUNT-2 1995-7Participants without significant were categorized according presence absence (N=25,130).Anxiety assessed by Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age,...

Abstract Background General practitioners' (GPs) diagnostic skills lead to underidentification of generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) and major depressive episodes (MDE). Supplement brief questionnaires could improve the accuracy GPs for these common mental disorders. The aims this study were examine usefulness Hospital Anxiety Depression Rating Scale (HADS) by: 1) Examining its psychometrics in GPs' setting; 2) Testing case-finding properties compared patient-rated GAD MDE (DSM-IV); 3)...

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to address 1) whether exercise provides protection against new-onset depression and anxiety 2) if so, intensity amount required gain and, lastly, 3) mechanisms that underlie any association. Method: A “healthy” cohort 33,908 adults, selected on basis having no symptoms common mental disorder or limiting physical health conditions, prospectively followed for 11 years. Validated measures exercise, depression, anxiety, a range potential...

The 2005 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition of the metabolic syndrome was designed to be useful worldwide, but date few prevalence studies have used that in European populations. We estimated age- and sex-stratified IDF-defined a county Norway compared it with using revised National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel-III (2005 ATP III).Cross-sectional analysis 10,206 participants aged 20-89 years Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995-97 (HUNT 2).Prevalence 29.6%...

The authors aimed to examine whether nonparticipation in a population-based health study was associated with poorer status; determine specific problems were overrepresented among nonparticipants; and explore potential consequences of participation bias on associations between exposures outcomes. They used data from the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK), conducted western Norway 1997–1999. Of 29,400 persons invited, 63.1% participated study. Information HUSK linked Norwegian national registry...

Recent evidence suggests a role for diet quality in the common mental disorders depression and anxiety. We aimed to investigate association between quality, dietary patterns, Norwegian adults.This cross-sectional study included 5731 population-based men women aged 46 49 70 74 years. Habitual was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaire, health measured Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale.After adjustments variables including age, education, income, physical activity, smoking,...

Depression is reported to be associated with increased mortality, although underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Associations between anxiety and mortality also uncertain.To investigate associations individual combined anxiety/depression symptom loads (using the Hospital Anxiety Scale (HADS)) over a 3-6 year period.We utilised unique link large population survey (HUNT-2, n = 61 349) comprehensive database.Case-level depression was (hazard ratio (HR) 1.52, 95% CI 1.35-1.72) comparable that of...

Depression and insomnia are closely linked, yet our understanding of their prospective relationships remains limited. The aim the current study was to investigate directionality association between depression insomnia.Data were collected from a population-based comprising most recent waves Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) (the HUNT2 in 1995-1997 HUNT3 2006-2008). A total 24,715 persons provided valid responses on relevant questionnaires both surveys. outcomes onset or at not reporting...

There is a need for the development of effective universal preventive approaches to common mental disorders, depression and anxiety, at population level. Poor diet, physical inactivity smoking have long been recognized as key contributors high prevalence noncommunicable diseases. However, there are now an increasing number studies suggesting that same modifiable lifestyle behaviors also risk factors disorders. In this paper we point emerging data regarding with particular focus on critique...

Somatic symptoms are prevalent in the community, but at least one third of lack organic explanation. Patients with such have a tendency to overuse health care system frequent consultations and high degree disability sickness compensation. Studies from clinical samples shown that anxiety depression functional conditions. The aim this study is examine connection between anxiety, depression, somatic large community sample.The HUNT-II invited all inhabitants aged 20 years above Nord-Trondelag...

Objective: To investigate empirically the association between anxiety/depression and cause-specific mortality with particular attention to underlying mechanisms causes of death. Depression reportedly increases general mortality. For mortality, there is evidence depression has an effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) suicide. Less information known as other diagnoses. There scarce conflicting literature anxiety in relation Methods: Employing a historical cohort design, we used link...

Aim: This paper examined the psychometric properties of Swedish Demand—Control—Support Questionnaire (DCSQ), which is a shorter and modified version Karasek's Job Content (JCQ). Methods: The study encompassed 5,227 workers born in 1953—57 from population-based Hordaland Health Study. DCSQ, 17-item questionnaire, covers psychological demands, decision latitude, social support workplace. were manually classified according to Standard Classification Occupations. main statistical methods...

Objective: Previous sample studies of depression have shown a higher prevalence in women, and an inconsistent relation to age has been found for both genders. The aim the present study was investigate gender general adult population. Method: Of total population 92 100 individuals aged 20–89 years living Nord‐Trøndelag county Norway, 62 344 (67.7%) filled valid ratings on Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Minimal difference dimensional scores rates depression. Both these...

Previous studies have suggested that physical activity may antidepressant and/or anti-anxiety effects.To examine the bidirectional relationship between and common mental disorders establish importance of context, type intensity undertaken.A clinical examination 40 401 residents Norway was undertaken. Participants answered questions relating to frequency both leisure-time workplace activity. Depression anxiety were measured using Hospital Anxiety Scale (HADS). Biological social data also...

Objective: In a large general population study we found close to linear rise with age in the mean score and prevalence of self‐reported symptoms depression. The aim this was examine if relation prevailed when controlled for multiple variables factors that eventually explained association. Method: Among individuals aged 20–89 years living Nord‐Trøndelag County Norway, 60 869 filled valid ratings Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale as well many other variables. Covariates were grouped into...