A5042575873- Extraction and Separation Processes
- Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Corrosion Behavior and Inhibition
- Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Sustainable Industrial Ecology
- Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Concrete Corrosion and Durability
- Metal Extraction and Bioleaching
- Heavy metals in environment
- Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Mining and Resource Management
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
- Smart Materials for Construction
- Global Energy and Sustainability Research
- High-Temperature Coating Behaviors
- Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Building materials and conservation
- Astro and Planetary Science
- Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping
- Advancements in Battery Materials
Center for Environmental Health
2015-2024
Yale University
2015-2024
Carnegie Mellon University
2023
Stellenbosch University
2014-2015
University of York
2014
Massey University
2014
University of British Columbia
2014
Chalmers University of Technology
2012
Clifton Hospital
2006
Boston University
2005
Metals are infinitely recyclable in principle, but practice, recycling is often inefficient or essentially nonexistent because of limits imposed by social behavior, product design, technologies, and the thermodynamics separation. We review these topics, distinguishing among common, specialty, precious metals. The most beneficial actions that could improve rates increased collection discarded products, improved design for recycling, enhanced deployment modern methodology. As a global society,...
Significance In the past decade, sporadic shortages of metals and metalloids crucial to modern technology have inspired attempts determine relative “criticality” various materials as a guide scientists product designers. The variety methodologies that been used for this purpose (predictably) resulted in widely varying results, which are therefore little use. present study, we develop comprehensive, flexible, transparent approach apply 62 metalloids. We find most concern tend be those with...
The recycling of metals is widely viewed as a fruitful sustainability strategy, but little information available on the degree to which actually taking place. This article provides an overview current knowledge rates for 60 metals. We propose various metrics, discuss relevant aspects processes, and present estimates global end-of-life (EOL-RR; i.e., percentage metal in discards that recycled), recycled content (RC), old scrap ratios (OSRs; share total flow). Because increases use over time...
The relative proportions of metal residing in ore the lithosphere, use products providing services, and waste deposits measure our progress from exclusive virgin toward full dependence on sustained recycled metal. In U.S. at present, copper contents these three repositories are roughly equivalent, but service continues to increase. Providing today's developed-country level services for worldwide (as well as zinc and, perhaps, platinum) would appear require conversion essentially all...
Two sets of global inventories anthropogenic emissions both oxides sulfur and nitrogen for circa 1985 have been produced under the umbrella Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) International Atmospheric Chemistry Program. The two different temporal, sectoral, vertical resolution. Both were compiled using same data sets; default refined via use more detailed regional sets. This article reports on compilation annual, one‐vertical‐level inventories, called version 1A; inventory files are...
A comprehensive methodology has been created to quantify the degree of criticality metals periodic table. In this paper, we present and discuss methodology, which is comprised three dimensions: supply risk, environmental implications, vulnerability restriction. Supply risk differs with time scale (medium or long), at its more complex involves several components, themselves composed a number distinct indicators drawn from readily available peer-reviewed indexes public information....
Hundreds of chemical compounds have been identified as constituents atmospheric aerosols and raindrops, there is substantial evidence for transformations occurring among them. Since tropospheric a water content 30–50 wt % at typical relative humidities, raindrops may be regarded (at least to first approximation) aqueous solutions. In this review, measurements solution chemistry data are combined examine reactions physical parameters potential importance in aerosol raindrop systems; much the...
Significance Modern life is enabled by the use of materials in its technologies. Over time, these technologies have used a larger and more diverse array materials. Elemental cycle analyses yield an understanding materials, definite concern that arises possible scarcity some elements as their increases. We studied substitution potential for 62 different metals major uses. For dozen metals, substitutes uses are either inadequate or appear not to exist at all. Further, 1 exemplary available all
Surface‐active organic molecules are common constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles, raindrops, and snowflakes. If these compounds present as surface films, transfer gases into the water systems could be impeded, evaporation slowed, aqueous chemical reactions influenced. To investigate possibilities, we have reviewed literature pertaining to films on surfaces: their composition, structure, properties, effects. We then review surface‐active in water. report results new measurements...
Emission inventories for major reactive tropospheric Cl species (particulate Cl, HCl, ClNO 2 , CH 3 CHCl CCl C 4 HCl and CHClF ) were integrated across source types (terrestrial biogenic oceanic emissions, sea‐salt production dechlorination, biomass burning, industrial fossil‐fuel combustion, incineration). Composite emissions compared with known sinks to assess budget closure; relative contributions of natural anthropogenic sources differentiated. Model calculations suggest that...
Even though rare earth metals are indispensible in modern technology, very little quantitative information other than combined oxide extraction is available on their life cycles. We have drawn upon published and unpublished from China, Japan, the United States, elsewhere to estimate flows into use in-use stocks for 15 of metals: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y. Here, we show that comprised about 90 Gg 2007; highest individual were ∼28 Ce ∼22 lowest ∼0.16 Tm ∼0.15...
Industrial ecology is a new approach to the industrial design of products and processes implementation sustainable manufacturing strategies. It concept in which an system viewed not isolation from its surrounding systems but concert with them. seeks optimize total materials cycle virgin material finished material, component, product, waste ultimate disposal. To better characterize topic, National Academy Sciences convened colloquium were derived number salient contributions. This paper sets...
Metals that are obtained largely or entirely as by-products essential to modern technology, but their supplies may be constrained due a variety of factors.
view Abstract Citations (426) References (108) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS The kinetic chemistry of dense interstellar clouds Graedel, T. E. ; Langer, W. D. Frerking, M. A. A model the time-dependent is formulated to study dominant chemical processes in carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation, formation nitrogen-containing molecules, evolution product molecules as a function cloud density temperature. abundances isotopes carbon-...
The growth in metal use the past few decades raises concern that supplies may be insufficient to meet demands future. From perspective of historical and current data for seven major metals-iron, manganese, aluminum, copper, nickel, zinc, lead-we have generated several scenarios potential demand from 2010 2050 under alternative patterns global development. We also compared those with various assessments supply midcentury. Five conclusions emerge: (1) calculated each metals doubles or triples...
Material flow analysis (MFA), a central methodology of industrial ecology, quantifies the ways in which materials that enable modern society are used, reused, and lost. Sankey diagrams, termed "visible language ecology", often employed to present MFA results. This Perspective assesses history current status MFA, reviews development methodology, presents examples metal, polymer, fiber MFAs, demonstrates MFAs have been responsible for creating related ecology specialties stimulating...