Neuron-microglia co-cultures treated with pro-inflammatory agents are a useful tool to study neuroinflammation in vitro, where test the potential neuroprotective effect of anti-inflammatory compounds. However, great diversity experimental conditions can be found literature, making difficult select working when considering this approach for first time. We compared use neuron-primary microglia and neuron-BV2 cells (a microglial cell line) co-cultures, using different neuron:microglia ratios,...

Microglia and astrocytes respond to homeostatic disturbances with profound changes of gene expression. This response, known as glial activation or neuroinflammation, can be detrimental the surrounding tissue. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is an important regulator expression in inflammation but little about its involvement activation. To explore functional role C/EBPβ we have analyzed pro-inflammatory neurotoxicity murine wild type C/EBPβ-null...

The control of neuroinflammation is a potential target to be considered in the treatment neurodegenerative diseases. It therefore important find anti-inflammatory drugs and study new targets that inhibit neuroinflammation. We designed an experimental model vitro neuroprotective effects flavonoid chrysin involvement nuclear factor-κB p65 CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) β δ transcription factors its mechanism action. used primary cultures mouse embryonic cortical neurons BV2 (murine...

The mechanisms that control microglial activation are of interest, since neuroinflammation, which involves reactive microglia, may be an additional target in the search for therapeutic strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Neuron‐microglia interaction through contact‐dependent or independent is involved regulation phenotype both physiological and pathological conditions. between CD200, mainly present neurons but also astrocytes, CD200R1, one keeping proinflammatory under...

Several stimuli result in glial activation and induce nitric oxide (NO) production microglial astroglial cells. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely used to achieve vitro, several studies show that both and, a lesser extent, cell cultures produce NO after LPS treatment. However, endotoxin-treated astrocyte is controversial. We characterized microglial, mixed treated with lipopolysaccharide, measured as nitrite accumulation the culture media. also identified...

Microglia, the main resident immune cells in CNS, are thought to participate pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. LPS and + IFNγ stimuli that widely used activate microglia. However, transcriptomic profiles microglia treated with have not been properly compared. Here, we murine primary microglial cultures or for 6 hours then performed RNA-Sequencing. Gene expression patterns induced by treatments were obtained WGCNA 11 different found, showing differential responses many genes....

Abstract Background In physiological conditions, it is postulated that neurons control microglial reactivity through a series of inhibitory mechanisms, involving either cell contact-dependent, soluble-factor-dependent or neurotransmitter-associated pathways. the current study, we focus on CD200R1, receptor involved in one these contact-dependent mechanisms. CD200R1 activation by its ligand, CD200 (mainly expressed central nervous system),is to inhibit pro-inflammatory phenotype cells, while...

The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) are Ca2+/calmodulin-binding proteins that very abundant in central nervous system. In mammalian brain, CaMKII is composed by association of several similar subunits at different ratios produced four genes. CaN two We selected most each enzyme rodent α A, compared their pattern expression mouse brain using situ hybridization histochemistry immunohistochemistry. found were mainly expressed cerebral...

Abstract Background It is suggested that neuroinflammation, in which activated microglial cells play a relevant role, contributes to the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Consequently, modulation activation potential therapeutic target be taken into account act against dopaminergic neurodegeneration occurring this neurological disorder. Several soluble and membrane-associated inhibitory mechanisms contribute maintaining quiescent/surveillant phenotype physiological conditions....

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of important pro-inflammatory genes in microglia. Mice deficient for C/EBPβ show protection against excitotoxic and ischemic CNS damage, but involvement this neuroprotective effect various C/EBPβ-expressing cell types not solved. Since C/EBPβ-deficient microglia attenuated neurotoxicity culture, we hypothesized specific deficiency could be vivo. In study, have tested hypothesis by generating...

In the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis, activated microglia/macrophages appear in active lesions and normal appearing white matter. However, whether they play a beneficial or detrimental role development pathology remains controversial issue. The production pro-inflammatory molecules by chronically microglial cells is suggested to contribute progression neurodegenerative processes neurological disease. healthy brain, neurons control glial activation through several inhibitory...

Neuroinflammation is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sought to study the glial derangement in AD using diverse experimental models and human brain tissue. Besides classical pro-inflammatory cytokines, we analyzed chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL40) triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) that are increasingly being associated with astrogliosis microgliosis AD, respectively. The SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging traits showed elevated cytokines activated...

Transient potential receptor vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is widely expressed through the nervous system and specifically found in neuronal subpopulations some glial cells. TRPV2 known to be sensitized by methionine oxidation, which results from inflammation. Here we aim characterize expression regulation of myelination pathologies, such as hypomyelination demyelination. We validated interaction between its putative interactor Opalin, an oligodendrocyte marker, mixed cultures under pro-...

Neuroinflammation, in which activated microglia are involved, appears to contribute the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, role microglial activation and mechanisms governing this process remain uncertain. We focused on one inhibitory mechanism involved control activation, receptor CD200R1, its ligand CD200, mainly expressed by neurons. The human CD200R1 gene encodes two membrane-associated soluble protein isoforms CD200 full-length proteins (CD200full) but also truncated...

Abstract The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) regulates of genes that play important roles in glial activation. Previous studies have shown the astroglial expression C/EBPδ but microglial remains virtually unexplored, with exception two microarray studies. In this report, using murine primary cultures and BV2 cells we clearly demonstrate is expressed by microglia it upregulated Lipopolysaccharide upregulates both astrocytes. This effect time‐dependent, a maximum...

The eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays important roles in neuroinflammation and it is produced by the sequential action of enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) E synthase (PTGES). expression both production PGE2 are increased neuroinflammation. objective this study was to elucidate whether transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) regulates synthesis To aim, these wild-type C/EBPβ-null mice analyzed vitro vivo. In mixed glial cultures, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ±...

CMRF35-like molecule-1 (CLM-1) belongs to a receptor family mainly expressed in myeloid cells that include activating and inhibitory receptors. CLM-1 contains two ITIMs single immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM), although also displays binding site for p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K. By using murine primary microglial cultures, we show the presence all CLM members characterize expression both basal conditions during activation. The TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) TLR3...