In nature, several seabirds (e.g., gannets and boobies) dive into water at up to 24 m/s as a hunting mechanism; furthermore, boobies have slender neck, which is potentially the weakest part of body under compression during high-speed impact. this work, we investigate stability bird's neck plunge-diving by understanding interaction between fluid forces acting on head flexibility neck. First, use salvaged bird identify phases. Anatomical features skull were acquired quantify effect beak...

During water entry, a projectile can entrain an air cavity that trails behind it. Most previous studies focus on the formation and pinch-off dynamics of cavity, but only few have investigated long-term after pinch-off. In this study, we examine ripple following generated by cone, with different cone angles impact velocities. The amplitude wavelength these ripples are measured, force is experimentally determined. It was observed increase linearly velocity, which predicted our acoustic model...

In nature, many animals dive into water at high speeds, e.g., humans from cliffs, birds plunge, and aquatic porpoise breach. Diving provides opportunities for to find prey escape predators is a source of great excitement humans. However, diving platforms can cause severe injuries diver. this study, we demonstrate how similarity in the morphology fronts unifies slamming force across By measuring time-averaged impulse that increases linearly with impact height, are able estimate unsteady...

In this study, we demonstrate that a moderate amount of protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) coupled to novel surround optical fibre immunoassay (SOFIA) detection scheme can be used detect the disease-associated form prion (PrPSc) in protease-untreated plasma from preclinical and clinical scrapie sheep, white-tailed deer with chronic wasting disease, following natural experimental infection. PrPSc, resulting conformational change normal (cellular) (PrPC), is considered central...

Jumping out of water is a phenomenon exhibited by variety aquatic and semi-aquatic animals. Yet, there no common groundwork that clarifies the physical constraints required to jump water. In this study, we elucidate conditions for an animal More than 100 jumps are analysed over five taxonomic groups. By balancing power produced animals with drag-induced dissipation, expect maximum jumping height, H , scales body length, L as / ∼ −1/3 Fr 2 where Froude number, Fr, ratio inertia gravity. To...

Inspired by ducks, we demonstrate that air pockets within stacked layers of porous superhydrophobic feathers can withstand up to five times more water pressure compared a single feather. In addition natural duck feathers, this "layer effect" was replicated with synthetic created laser cutting micrometric slots into aluminum foil and imparting nanostructure. It revealed adding promotes an increasingly redundant pathway for impalement, which serves pressurize the enclosed pockets. This...

Background: Frontal electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring can be useful in guiding the titration of anesthetics, but it is not always feasible to place electrodes standard configuration some circumstances, including during neurosurgery. This study compares 5 alternate configurations Masimo Sedline Sensor. Methods: Ten stably sedated patients intensive care unit were recruited. EEG was monitored (bifrontal upright) and configurations: bifrontal inverse, infraorbital, lateral upright,...

The impact of single passive intruders into granular particles has been studied in detail. However, the force produced by multiple separated at a distance from one another, and hence effect their presence close proximity to is largely unexplored. Here, we use numerical simulations laboratory experiments study response two parallel rods intruding vertically media while varying gap spacing between them. We also explored variations friction, intruder size, particle size on response. net work...

Birds can experience localized forces against their bodies due to impact solid objects (like a branch or another bird) water (during plunge-dives landings). In this study, we hypothesize that densely packed contour feathers around the bird body would spread force while diving and maintaining plumage integrity. To test hypothesis, performed experiments with individual elastic beams, developed theoretical model determine response of during dive. First, used micro computed tomography scanner...

We examine the drag experienced by a pair of vertical rods moving in tandem through granular bed immersed fluid as function their separation distance and speed. As Newtonian fluids, net initially increases with from value for single rod before plateauing to twice value. However, acting on two is remarkably different, leading experiencing roughly similar compared solitary rod, while following experiences far less drag. The anomalous relationship between body observed both dry beds viscous...

A nonlinear model is proposed to answer at which diving speeds and beak angles will cause injury Gannet-inspired beam systems during plunge-diving. In doing so, the critical velocities buckling occurs with various types of boundary conditions are first obtained for vertical dives resulting forces point impact determined. The system modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli represent neck body Gannet, while head Gannet a cone varying half-angles. experimental investigations Gannet-like introduced present...

Droplets splash around when a fluid volume is quickly compressed. This phenomenon has been observed during common activities such as kids clapping with wet hands. The underlying mechanism involves being compressed vertically between two objects. compression causes the to be ejected radially and thereby generate threads droplets at high speed. In this study, we designed performed laboratory experiments observe process of thread drop formation after squeezed. A thicker rim outer edge forms...

Abstract Background Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) is an anesthetic service involving the titration of sedatives/analgesics to achieve varying levels sedation while avoiding general anesthesia (GA) and airway instrumentation. The goal our study was determine overall incidence conversion from MAC with instrumentation elucidate reasons risk factors for conversion. Methods In this retrospective observational study, all non-obstetric adult patients who received July 2002 2015 at Mount Sinai...

We investigate mucosalivary dispersal and deposition on horizontal surfaces corresponding to human exhalations with physical experiments under still-air conditions. Synthetic fluorescence tagged sprays size speed distributions comparable sneezes are observed high-speed imaging. show that while some larger droplets follow parabolic trajectories, smaller stay aloft for several seconds settle slowly speeds consistent a buoyant cloud dynamics model. The net distribution is become correspondingly...

We investigate mucosalivary dispersal and deposition on horizontal surfaces corresponding to human exhalations with physical experiments under still-air conditions. Synthetic fluorescence tagged sprays size speed distributions comparable sneezes are observed high-speed imaging. show that while some larger droplets follow parabolic trajectories, smaller stay aloft for several seconds settle slowly speeds consistent a buoyant cloud dynamics model. The net distribution is become correspondingly...

Abstract BACKGROUND Exhalation exposure from patients to healthcare workers (HCWs), while using a nasal cannula or simple O2 mask used in treating COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, is present future risk. Little known on exhalation dispersal through these devices, mitigating the viral those vicinity. METHODS Respiration therapy devices was studied with supine manikin equipped controllable mechanical lung by measuring aerosol density flow direct imaging. Dispersal direction distances...

We investigate the dispersal of exhalations corresponding to a patient experiencing shortness breath while being treated for respiratory disease with oxygen therapy. Respiration through nasal cannula and simple O2 mask is studied using supine manikin equipped controllable mechanical lung by measuring aerosol density flow direct imaging. Exhalation puffs are observed travel 0.35 ± 0.02 m upward wearing cannula, 0.29 laterally mask, posing higher exposure risk caregivers. The aerosol-laden air...