Macromolecular crowding in biological media is an essential factor for cellular function. The interplay of intermolecular interactions at multiple time and length scales governs a fine-tuned system reaction transport processes, including particularly protein diffusion as limiting or driving factor. Using quasielastic neutron backscattering, we probe the self-diffusion crowded aqueous solutions bovine serum albumin on nanosecond nanometer employing same agent. measured coefficient D ( φ )...

We have studied a series of samples bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions with protein concentration, c, ranging from 2 to 500 mg/mL and ionic strength, I, 0 M by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The intensity distribution was compared simulations using an oblate ellipsoid form factor radii 17 × 42 Å, combined either screened Coulomb, repulsive structure factor, SSC(q), or attractive square-well SSW(q). At pH = 7, BSA is negatively charged. low I < 0.3 M, the total interaction exhibits...

One hundred and fifteen dogs with neoplasms of the lower urinary tract (bladder and/or urethra) were retrospectively evaluated at five referral institutions participating in ongoing studies by Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group. Most tumors malignant (97%) epithelial origin (97%). Lower more common older weighing greater than 10 kg. The following significant (P &lt; 0.05) statistical associations found using University Guelph hospital population as control; there was no sex predisposition...

Negatively charged globular proteins in solution undergo a condensation upon adding trivalent counterions between two critical concentrations ${\mathrm{C}}^{*}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{**}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{*}<{\mathrm{C}}^{**}$. This reentrant behavior above ${\mathrm{C}}^{**}$ is caused by short-ranged electrostatic interactions multivalent cations acidic residues, mechanistically different from the case of DNA. Small-angle x-ray scattering indicates attraction counterion-bound near...

We present a real-time study of protein crystallization bovine β-lactoglobulin in the presence CdCl(2) using small-angle X-ray scattering and optical microscopy. From observing kinetics, we propose following multistep mechanism that is consistent with our data. In first step, an intermediate phase formed, followed by nucleation crystals within phase. During this period, number increases time, but crystal growth slowed down surrounding dense due to low mobility. next consumed slow growth, are...

The durability of anti-graffiti coatings is special relevance since, unlike other protective treatments, they are not only affected by environmental factors, but also often aggressive cleaning procedures. However, little known about the long-term performance either permanent or sacrificial coatings. This study explores two commercial on concrete paving slabs under both natural and artificial ageing tests. results this research show that a fluorinated polyurethane crystalline micro wax...

Case information and histologic slides for 688 admissions of feline tissues from 12 veterinary institutions were assembled reviewed to determine obtained by biopsy or necropsy, age sex cat, tumor topography, leukemia viral antigen status, frequency mitoses, diagnosis, presence necrosis, degree sclerosis. Histologic sections examined place the lesions in one diagnostic categories National Cancer Institute working formulation (NCI WF) lymphomas lymphoid leukemia. Correlations between various...

A new neutral 1D channel thorium organic framework material (TOF-2) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. TOF-2 exhibits a hexagonal structure consisting of eight-coordinate ThO6F2 polyhedra and 1,3,5-benzentricarboxylate ligands. The channels run along the c-axis are approximately 13 in diameter. single-crystal X-ray suggests that amount void space is 41%. stable to ca. 400 degrees C. Gas adsorption measurements show deferential gas uptake behavior.

The optical properties of pentacene (PEN) and perfluoropentacene (PFP) thin films on various SiO(2) substrates were studied using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Structural characterization was performed x-ray reflectivity atomic force microscopy. A uniaxial model with the optic axis normal to sample surface used analyze ellipsometry data. strong anisotropy observed, enabled direction transition dipole absorption bands be determined. Furthermore, comparison constants PEN PFP...

Adoptive transfer of genetically modified somatic cells will play an increasingly important role in the management a wide spectrum human diseases. Among most appealing as potential gene vehicles are hematopoietic cells, because their distribution and well-characterized capacities for proliferation, differentiation, self-renewal. Genes can be readily transferred into short-lived lineage-restricted but there remains need to develop reliable methods stem large animals. In this work, we used...

The effective interactions and phase behavior of protein solutions under strong electrostatic coupling conditions are difficult to understand due the complex charge pattern irregular geometry surfaces. This distinguishes them from related systems such as DNA or conventional colloids. In this work, we discuss question universality reentrant condensation (RC) proteins in solution induced by multivalent counterions, i.e., redissolution on adding further salts after separation, recently...

The clinical and pathologic features of systemic mastocytosis in 16 dogs are reported. There was no apparent breed or sex predilection, the median age at presentation 9.5 years. In 14 cases there a primary cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT). When location compared with previous reports, association between dissemination. most common presenting signs associated were regional dissemination, edema, ulceration, abscessation. They present 12 (69%). Signs illness, including anorexia, vomiting,...

The influence of ionic strength and the chemical nature cations on protein−protein interactions in ovalbumin solution was studied using small-angle X-ray neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS). globular protein is found dimeric form solutions as suggested by SANS/SAXS experiments. Due to negative charge proteins at neutral pH, without any salt addition are dominated electrostatic repulsion. A structure factor related screened Coulombic together with an ellipsoid used fit intensity. monovalent (NaCl)...

Nanoplatelet Co−Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) {Co1.8Al1.1(OH)6(DDS)x·yH2O (DDS = dodecyl sulfate; x ≈ 0.9; y 2−6)} have been prepared using a homogeneous precipitation approach in water pools formed by water-in-oil reverse microemulsion. The size of the LDH particles is controlled adjusting to surfactant ratio (ω). particle sizes vary from about 60 × 13 nm3 160 40 with increasing ω. This contrasts platelets Co1.89Al(OH)6(DDS)0.8·4.3H2O conventional which had dimensions 2−3 μm wide and...

During protein crystallization and purification, proteins are commonly found in concentrated salt solutions. The exact interplay of the hydration shell, ions, protein-protein interactions under these conditions is far from being understood on a fundamental level, despite obvious practical relevance. We have studied model globular (bovine serum albumin, BSA) solutions by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). data also compared to previous studies using SAXS. SANS results for dilute give an...

We demonstrate that a metastable liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in protein aqueous solutions can be induced by multivalent metal ions at room temperature. determine the salt and partitioning two coexisting phases. The structure factor obtained small angle X-ray scattering provides direct evidence for short-ranged attraction, which leads to metastability of LLPS. An extended diagram with three control parameters (temperature, concentration) conclusive physical picture consistent...

We discuss the phase behavior and in particular crystallization of a model globular protein (beta-lactoglobulin) solution presence multivalent electrolytes. It has been shown previously that negatively charged proteins at neutral pH counterions undergo "re-entrant condensation (RC)" (Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 101, 148101), i.e. phase-separated regime occurs between two critical salt concentrations, c* < c**, giving metastable liquid–liquid separation (LLPS). Crystallization from...

Abstract We briefly summarize the recent progress in tuning protein interactions as well phase behavior solutions using multivalent metal ions. focus on influence of control parameters and mechanism reentrant condensation, metastable liquid–liquid separation classical vs. non-classical pathways crystallization.

The oxidation of adsorbed CO is a key reaction in electrocatalysis. It has been studied extensively on both extended model surfaces and nanoparticles; however, correlation between the two far from simple. Molecular insight into often provided using situ IR spectroscopy; practical challenges mean studies nanoparticles have yet to provide same level detail as those surfaces. Here we use new approach spectroscopy study mechanism adlayer commercial carbon-supported Pt catalyst. We observe...

We analyzed VDJ and VJ rearrangements in IgM-secreting B lymphocytes from a cow infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). BLV causes expansion of CD5+ IgM+ regardless antigen specificity. The data showed that single point mutations contribute to the diversification IgM antibodies. most striking observation, however, is approximately 9 % theVDJ rearrangement cells encode an exceptionally long third complementarity-determining region heavy chain (CDR3H; 56 61 amino acids) multiple cysteine...