The social disorganization perspective assumes that interaction among neighbors is a central element in the control of community crime. Moreover, occurs frequently, such as every day, assumed to be most effective. This analysis tests assumption by exploring consequences frequent and infrequent interaction. I construct 10 alternative measures separately examine effect each on rates three serious crimes across 60 urban neighborhoods. Findings suggest type matters. Getting together once year or...

In this study, we build on recent social disorganization research, estimating models of the relationships between disorder, burglary, cohesion, and fear crime using a sample neighborhoods from three waves British Crime Survey. The results indicate that disorder has an indirect effect burglary through neighborhood cohesion. Although cohesion reduces nonrecursive show also Part is mediated by fear. Similar are obtained in models. Together, suggest feedback loop which decreases increase...

The systemic crime model predicts that informal surveillance of space reduces street crime. Conversely, community decline theory posits by increasing residents' perception risk and fear. Moreover, functions suggests some types may increase surveillance. Using data for 100 urban neighborhoods, the analysis examines these predictions disentangles reciprocal effects. Baseline recursive equations indicate is inversely associated with robbery/stranger assault, assault In contrast, burglary rates...

This study explains racial/ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior using a contextual model derived from prior urban, developmental, and criminological theory. Using data the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we compare involvement violence among Asians, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, whites. Results indicate that statistical between whites minority groups are explained by variation community disadvantage (for blacks), gangs Hispanics), social bonds...

Dans la region metropolitaine de New-York existent des differences raciales/ethniques dans l'exposition aux crimes lies a propriete et violents : les Noirs sont plus exposes, viennent Hispaniques, puis Blancs Asiatiques. A l'aide d'une nouvelle methode servant construire modeles regression transversale, AA. montrent que variables au niveau individuel, telles le revenu du groupe domestique, immobiliere, peuvent expliquer crime communaute residence mais elles n'expliquent pas entre groupes....

Considerable research reports that racial composition strongly affects violent-crime rates. Unfortunately, most ignores the possibility rates may affect composition. Using a sample of U. S. cities, authors examine reciprocal effects and over last 40 years. While change in from 1980 to 1990, it only minimally changes for previous three decades; but (especially robbery) substantially all four decades. Indeed, robbery appear play significant role white flight central cities.

This article integrates theory and research in criminology urban sociology to specify a contextual model of differences adolescent violence between whites five racial-ethnic groups. The views these as function variation community contexts, family socioeconomic well-being, the social capital available adolescents families. Using data from National Education Longitudinal Survey, we show that white-black white-Latino are explained by disadvantages, respectively. American Indians sole group for...

The systemic model posits that informal control reduces crime and social networks reduce indirectly by stimulating control. literature consistently supports the control-crime relationship but reveals wider variation in measurement effects of network dimensions. Recognizing this pattern, some scholars advocate an explicit distinction between We formally address issue with analysis structure multiple indicators using data collected 300 Seattle neighborhoods. Results reveal several distinct...

Most criminological theory is cast at either the macro or micro level. Developmental and integrated theories are an exception as they combine community characteristics such neighborhood poverty with micro-level processes. What remains lacking, however, attention to labor market conditions. The authors address this gap by testing a contextual model that links local structure, adolescent attachments, violent delinquency. Analyses draw from National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Our...

Previous contextual analyses of recidivism are limited by a focus on traditional disadvantage indicators. The authors examine whether those indicators, including poverty, family composition, high school dropout, and unemployment explain disproportionate involvement in serious criminal among African American relative to White ex-prisoners. Given the fundamental necessity finding employment after release, move beyond measures investigate availability low-skill opportunity industries that prior...

We examine the effects of racial composition on crime rates but we give equal weight to opposite causal order--the violent rate itself could cause a change in composition. The authors test hypothesis using data for national sample [U.S.] suburbs period 1970 1990. find significant and approximately both directions; specifically it is robbery component that affects High are associated with black population growth while stimulating white flight. (EXCERPT)

Disproportionate involvement in violent behavior among African American, versus white, adolescents is a major arena of debate the social sciences. The individual difference approach draws attention to verbal ability as an explanation black‐white differences violence. Sociological theories stress variation community and family socioeconomic disadvantage. We contrast these causal images racial serious violence using National Longitudinal Survey Adolescent Health contextual modeling. Results...

A prominent perspective in the gang literature suggests that member involvement drug selling does not necessarily increase violent behavior. In addition it is unclear from previous research whether neighborhood disadvantage strengthens relationship. We address those issues by testing hypotheses regarding confluence of disadvantage, membership, selling, and three-level hierarchical model estimated first five waves 1997 National Longitudinal Survey Youth, matched with block-group...

Journal Article Living with Crime: The Implications of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Suburban Location Get access Richard D. Alba, Alba State University New York at Albany Direct correspondence to Department Sociology, SUNY-Albany, Albany, NY 12222. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar John R. Logan, Logan Paul E. Bellair Social Forces, Volume 73, Issue 2, December 1994, Pages 395–434, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.2.395 Published: 01 1994

Most correctional facilities have implemented tobacco restrictions in an effort to reduce costs and improve prisoner health, but little has been done evaluate the impact of these policy changes. Patterns use among prisoners were explored determine incarceration a facility with indoor smoking ban on behaviors.

In this article, we extend the literature on adolescent delinquency by offering a theoretical framework that integrates insights from labor-market and stratification research one hand microlevel family criminological other. Analyses draw local data nationally representative longitudinal survey adolescents employ techniques take into account clustering within hierarchical structures. Findings suggest strong effects of low-wage service-sector concentration unemployment likelihood both fighting...

The last decade has witnessed a plethora of social control studies, ranging from imprisonment to psychiatric hospitalization. Unfortunately, research on each these two forms tends be isolated the other, and relationships between them is limited. In this article, relationship mental health criminal justice systems examined. modeled in terms casual processes that underlie it: are common both systems, effect one system another. Using panel cities, article reveals strong cross‐system effects...

Widespread tobacco use and high interest in quitting make prisons an ideal environment for smoking cessation interventions; however, little has been done to assist prisoners their efforts quit. Valid measurement of is a prerequisite evaluation programs, yet there only one published examination measures among prisoners. Tobacco interviews were conducted with 200 male Three use, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO), salivary cotinine measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), liquid chromatography/tandem...

The role of socioeconomic status (SES) in the etiology childhood externalizing behavior remains unclear, especially within developmental models. Many scholars argue that material hardship (i.e. inability to meet basic needs such as food and shelter) is a better indicator economic pressure than income), yet seldom considered. We draw on longitudinal sample young males Fragile Families Child Well-Being Study (n = 1,135) contrast influence persistent with hardship. Results indicate experience...

Theoretical questions linger over the applicability of verbal ability model to African-Americans and social control theory hypothesis that educational failure mediates effect on offending patterns. Accordingly, this paper investigates whether distinguishes between groups within context Moffitt's developmental taxonomy. Questions are addressed with longitudinal data spanning childhood through young-adulthood from an ongoing national panel, multinomial hierarchical Poisson models...

Sampson and Laub’s (1990 Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1990). Crime deviance over the life course: The salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55(5), 609–627. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095859[Crossref], [Web Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1993 (1993). Turning points in Why change matters to study crime*. Criminology, 31(3), 301–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01132.x[Crossref] Scholar]) course theory posits that stable employment can rehabilitate a...

Numerous studies uncover a link between cognitive skills and adolescent violence. Overlooked is whether the relationship changes at varying levels of neighborhood disadvantage. We examine issue by contrasting two models that place individual difference in skill within social‐structural framework. Using five waves 1997 National Longitudinal Survey Youth three‐level hierarchical model, results indicate inversely associated with violence strongest non‐disadvantaged neighborhoods. However,...