Shivering Viromes Despite its icy reputation, freshwater ponds and lakes do occur in Antarctica, open can be found for a few brief weeks during the austral summer. The ecology of these is, as expected, rather specialized to cope with extreme seasonal conditions. In metagenomic study, López-Bueno et al. (p. 858 ) inspected virus community Lake Limnopolar on Livingston Island an unexpectedly rich genetic diversity. A dominant group previously unidentified single-stranded DNA viruses was found,...

Viruses constitute the most abundant biological entities and a large reservoir of genetic diversity on Earth. Despite recent surge in their study, our knowledge actual biodiversity distribution remains sparse. We report first metagenomic analysis Arctic freshwater viral DNA communities comparative with other environments. viromes are dominated by unknown single-stranded viruses no close relatives database. These unique mostly relate to each present some minor overlap environments studied,...

Lymphocystis disease is a geographically widespread affecting more than 150 different species of marine and freshwater fish. The disease, provoked by the iridovirus lymphocystis virus (LCDV), characterized appearance papillomalike lesions on skin affected animals that usually self-resolve over time. Development associated with several environmental factors and, frequently, stress conditions intensive culture present in fish farms. In gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), an economically...

Viruses are key players regulating microbial ecosystems. Exploration of viral assemblages is now possible thanks to the development metagenomics, most powerful tool available for studying ecology and discovering new viruses. Unfortunately, several sources bias lead misrepresentation certain viruses within metagenomics workflows, hindering shift from merely descriptive studies towards quantitative comparisons communities. Therefore, benchmark on virus enrichment random amplification protocols...

Ranaviruses in amphibians and fish are considered emerging pathogens several isolates have been extensively characterized different studies. also detected reptiles with increasing frequency, but the role of reptilian hosts is still unclear only limited sequence data has provided. In this study, we a number ranaviruses wild captive animals Europe based on from six genomic regions (major capsid protein (MCP), DNA polymerase (DNApol), ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase alpha beta subunit-like...

Abstract RNA viruses exist as complex mixtures of genotypes, known quasispecies, where the evolution potential resides in whole community related genotypes. Quasispecies structure and dynamics have been studied detail for virus infecting animals plants but remain unexplored those micro‐organisms environmental samples. We report first metagenomic study an Antarctic lake (Lake Limnopolar, Livingston Island). Similar to low‐latitude aquatic environments, this harbours virome dominated by...

The role of receptor recognition in the emergence virulent viruses was investigated infection severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice by apathogenic prototype strain parvovirus minute virus (MVMp). Genetic analysis isolated MVMp viral clones (n = 48) emerging mice, including lethal variants, showed only one three single changes (V325M, I362S, or K368R) common sequence two capsid proteins. As found for parental isolates, constructed recombinant harboring I362S K368R substitutions...

ABSTRACT Worldwide amphibian population declines have been ascribed to global warming, increasing pollution levels, and other factors directly related human activities. These may additionally be favoring the emergence of novel pathogens. In this report, we determined complete genome sequence emerging common midwife toad ranavirus (CMTV), which has caused fatal disease in several species across Europe. Phylogenetic gene content analyses first genomic from a isolated Europe show that CMTV is...

The degree of genetic heterogeneity DNA virus populations in nature and its consequences for disease control are virtually unknown. parvovirus minute mice (MVMi) was used here to investigate (i) the frequency antibody-escape mutants a (ii) ability evade long-term passive monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapy an immunodeficient natural host. Independent clonal MVMi harbored high proportion resistant neutralizing MAb (mutant = [2.8 +/- 0.5] x 10(-5)) that rapidly evolved under pressure culture...

Environmental viruses constitute the most abundant biological entities on earth, and harbor an enormous genetic diversity.While their strong influence ecosystem is widely acknowledged, current knowledge about diversity distribution remains limited.Here we present metagenomic study of viral communities from freshwater bodies located along a transect Antarctic Peninsula.These ecosystems were chosen basis environmental biogeographical variation.The results obtained indicate that virus...

ABSTRACT Viral diseases are an increasing threat to the thriving aquaculture industry worldwide. An emerging group of fish pathogens is formed by several ranaviruses, which have been isolated at different locations from freshwater and seawater species since 1985. We report complete genome sequence European sheatfish ranavirus (ESV), first in Europe, causes high mortality rates infected ( Silurus glanis ) other species. Analysis shows that ESV belongs amphibian-like ranaviruses closely...

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is the causative agent of mousepox, a disease laboratory mouse colonies and an excellent model for human smallpox. We report genome sequence two isolates from outbreaks in USA 1995 1999: ECTV-Naval ECTV-Cornell, respectively. The ECTV-Cornell was sequenced by 454-Roche technology. also Sanger Illumina technologies order to evaluate these poxvirus sequencing. Genomic comparisons revealed that correspond same isolated independent outbreaks. Both are extremely virulent...

The structure of virus-like particles the lymphotropic, immunosuppressive strain minute virus mice (MVMi) in complex with neutralizing Fab fragment mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) B7 was determined by cryo-electron microscopy to 7-A resolution. molecule recognizes a conformational epitope at vertex three-fold protrusion on viral surface, thereby simultaneously engaging three symmetry-related proteins binding. location close axis is consistent previous analysis MVMi mutants able escape from...

The mechanisms involved in the emergence of virulent mammalian viruses were investigated adult immunodeficient SCID mouse infected by attenuated prototype strain parvovirus Minute Virus Mice (MVMp). Cloned MVMp intravenously inoculated mice consistently evolved during weeks subclinical infection to variants showing altered plaque phenotypes. All isolated large-plaque spread systemically from oronasal cavity and replicated major organs (brain, kidney, liver), sharp contrast absolute inability...

Amphibian-like ranaviruses include pathogens of fish, amphibians, and reptiles that have recently evolved from a fish-infecting ancestor. The molecular determinants host range virulence in this group are largely unknown, currently fish infection models lacking. We show European sheatfish virus (ESV) can productively infect zebrafish, causing lethal pathology, describe method for the generation recombinant ESV, establishing useful model study ranavirus infections.

Abstract Antarctica harbours a remarkably diverse range of freshwater bodies and terrestrial ecosystems, where microbial mats are considered the most important systems in terms biomass metabolic capabilities. We describe presence lysis plaque-like macroscopic blighted patches within predominant on Livingston Island (Antarctic Peninsula). Those blighting circles associated with decay physiological traits as well nitrogen depletion changes spatial microstructure; these alterations were likely...

ABSTRACT To investigate whether a DNA virus can evade passive immunotherapy with polyclonal antiserum, we analyzed the protection of neutralizing capsid antiserum against lethal infection immunosuppressive strain parvovirus minute mice (MVMi) in 42 immunodeficient over period 200 days. A few were effectively protected, but most developed delayed leukopenic syndrome during treatment or weeks afterwards. Unexpectedly, viruses isolated from treated also control showed no amino acid changes...

Very little is known about the role that evolutionary dynamics plays in diseases caused by mammalian DNA viruses. To address this issue a natural host model, we compared pathogenesis and genetics of attenuated fibrotropic virulent lymphohematotropic strains parvovirus minute virus mice (MVM), two invasive MVM (MVMp) variants carrying I362S or K368R change VP2 major capsid protein, infection severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. By 14 to 18 weeks after oronasal inoculation, viruses...

Anelloviridae is a family of circular, single-stranded DNA viruses highly prevalent among humans. We report the genome sequence two torque teno miniviruses found in human oral mucosa samples. Genome organization, phylogenetic analysis, and pairwise comparisons reveal that they belong to novel species within Betatorquevirus genus.

Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the sole member of Molluscipoxvirus genus and causes a highly prevalent human disease skin characterized by formation variable number lesions that can persist for prolonged periods time. Two major genotypes, subtype 1 2, are recognized, although currently only single complete genomic sequence corresponding to MCV available. Using next-generation sequencing techniques, we report four new isolates, including first one derived from 2. Comparisons suggest...

Ectromelia virus (ECTV), the causative agent of mousepox, has threatened laboratory mouse colonies worldwide for almost a century. Mousepox been valuable understanding poxvirus pathogenesis and immune evasion. Here, we have monitored in parallel nine ECTVs BALB/cJ mice report full-length genome sequence eight novel ECTV isolates or strains, including first isolated from field mouse, ECTV-MouKre. This approach allowed us to identify several genes, absent strains attenuated through serial...

The poxviruses Warsaw Agricultural University 86 (WAU86) and 88-1 (WAU88-1) were isolated in 1986 to 1988 from separate outbreaks laboratory mice Poland described as ectromelia virus isolates. genome sequences of these reveal that they are almost identical represent a novel variant the vaccinia Lister strain.