A5021801908- Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Historical Economic and Social Studies
- Medieval Literature and History
- Medieval History and Crusades
- Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Reformation and Early Modern Christianity
- Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Byzantine Studies and History
- Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research
- Tree-ring climate responses
- Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis
- Historical Studies of British Isles
- Vietnamese History and Culture Studies
- Eurasian Exchange Networks
- Paleopathology and ancient diseases
- Historical and Linguistic Studies
- Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Medieval Architecture and Archaeology
- History of Science and Medicine
- Historical and Archaeological Studies
- Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Archaeology and Historical Studies
- Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies
- Scottish History and National Identity
University of Stirling
2019-2025
University of Kent
2013-2023
University of Warwick
2022
University of Oxford
2022
University of Arizona
2022
McGill University
2011-2014
Yale University
2009
Abstract The origin of the medieval Black Death pandemic ( ad 1346–1353) has been a topic continuous investigation because pandemic’s extensive demographic impact and long-lasting consequences 1,2 . Until now, most debated archaeological evidence potentially associated with initiation derives from cemeteries located near Lake Issyk-Kul modern-day Kyrgyzstan 1,3–9 These sites are thought to have housed victims fourteenth-century epidemic as tombstone inscriptions directly dated 1338–1339...
Abstract. Changes in climate affected human societies throughout the last millennium. While European cold periods 17th and 18th century have been assessed detail, earlier received much less attention due to sparse information available. New evidence from proxy archives, historical documentary sources model simulations permit us provide an interdisciplinary, systematic assessment of exceptionally period 15th century. Our includes role internal, unforced variability external forcing shaping...
Since its first identification in 1894 during the third pandemic Hong Kong, there has been significant progress understanding lifestyle of Yersinia pestis , pathogen that is responsible for plague. Although we now have some pathogen’s physiology, genetics, genomics, evolution, gene regulation, pathogenesis and immunity, are many unknown aspects disease development. Here, focus on knowns unknowns related to Y. We notably key physiologic virulence traits important mammal-flea-mammal life...
Archaeological findings, in conjunction with contemporary quantitative data from manorial records, demonstrate that most of the English population before onset Black Death (1348–1350) suffered a chronic shortage protein, calcium, and Vitamin B12 for at least one generation—much longer than three years bad harvests grain famine typically attributed to Great Famine (1315–1317). The skeletal evidence suggests after had thinned its frailest individuals, Bovine Pestilence (1319–1320), which...
This study, dealing with the question of impact climate and extreme weather events on famines, has two objectives. The first objective is to review recent literature topic, distinguishing between economic political science papers aimed at addressing contemporary famine in Third World countries, historical research famines past. former category characterized by a tendency take connection variables for granted. latter category, however, tends exercise more analytical caution, but it still...
Contextualising anthropogenic warming and investigating linkages between past climate variability human history require high-resolution temperature reconstructions that extend before the period of instrumental measurements. Here, we present maximum latewood density (MXD) measurements 534 living relict Pinus uncinata trees from undisturbed upper treeline ecotones in Spanish central Pyrenees. Spanning 1119–2020 CE continuously, our new MXD composite chronology correlates significantly with...
The present article seeks to identify the nature, extent, and impact of Great Bovine Pestilence in England Wales, between 1318 1350. murrain, which killed around 62 per cent bovine animals Wales 1319–20, had a tremendous within both seigniorial peasant sectors late medieval agriculture. In particular, pestilence, decreased overall population dairy cattle, depressed levels milk supply available for human consumption. Is it possible that crisis subsequent protein shortage, were instrumental...
Famine as a historical phenomenon has attracted considerable scholarly attention in recent decades, especially since the publication of Amartya Sen's now-classic Poverty and Famines 1981. Roughly speaking, we can identify two main camps or schools thought: 'institutionalist' 'environmentalist'. The 'institutionalists' contend that famines tend to be, large degree, man-made phenomena, nature is secondary importance. Thus Sen argues, using example Bengal famine 1942–3, many cases occur not...
Abstract This article deals with the origins and spread of second outbreak fourteenth-century plague pandemic, pestis secunda, which swept over West Eurasia North Africa between 1356 1366. Unlike Black Death, its immediate predecessor, seems to have originated in Central Asia, secunda emerged Germany, most likely Frankfurt region, summer 1356. Having seeded new reservoir, radiated from a landlocked into other parts Africa, via inland routes. The mode transmission is at odds geographic...
Caused by Yersinia pestis , plague ravaged the world through three known pandemics: First or Justinianic (6th–8th century); Second (beginning with Black Death during c.1338–1353 and lasting until 19th Third (which became global in 1894). It is debatable whether Y. persisted European wildlife reservoirs was repeatedly introduced from outside Europe (as covered Union British Isles). Here, we analyze environmental data (soil characteristics climate) active Chinese to assess such conditions had...
Our information about the fourteenth-century plague in Central Asia, or indeed anywhere east of Crimea/Caspian, derives from a close analysis epigraphical evidence three East Syriac (Nestorian) cemeteries not far Issyk-Kul’ lake northern Kyrgyzstan. The absence palaeogenetic data to confirm it could be partially rectified by both textual and palaeoclimatological data. ratio mortality rates between “normal” years communities is unlike that Europe during 1348 1350. A proper appreciation...
The article considers the environmental context of early fourteenth-century Tian Shan region, in which Second Plague Pandemic general and Black Death particular commenced. It suggests that this major evolutionary event may have started profound eco-biological climatic shifts, triggering bacterial activity (i.e., Yersia pestis infection, transmission, dissemination capacity) initiating what became single harshest human killer known history. In particular, underscores how landscape change,...
Abstract The present paper aims to reconstruct tentative ways, in which the Black Death (the first wave of Second Plague Pandemic) spread from its now-established home Tian Shan region Western Eurasia between c .1338/41 and 1346. On basis all available evidence—textual, palaeogenetic, archaeological, topographic, numismatic palaeoclimatalogical—the article argues for two phases plague spread: (1) slow phase .1338/41–45, hindered by political commercial crises Mongol Empire, but especially...
Abstract Although dozens of ancient Yersinia pestis genomes and a vast corpus documentary data are available, the origin spread consecutive outbreaks Second Plague Pandemic in Europe (14th–18th c.) still poorly understood. For majority genomes, only radiocarbon dates spanning several decades hampering an association with historically recorded plague outbreaks. Here, we present new genomic evidence from 11 sites England, Estonia, Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland yielding Y. >4-fold mean...
The environmental, economic, and demographic consequences of Anglo-Scottish warfare in the early fourteenth century were far reaching. This article looks at extent environmental damage brought about by ongoing warfare, primarily between England Scotland from 1296 to 1328. conflict coincided with a series ecological biological crises, most notably Great European Famine 1315–17 Bovine Pestilence 1319–20. As I argue, armed aggravated crisis further caused immense within war zones British Isles.
Slavin Ph. 2009. — Chicken Husbandry in Late-Medieval Eastern England: c. 1250-1400. Anthropozoologica 44(2): 35-56..The present article studies the place of chicken within changing environment late-medieval England. First, it looks at seigniorial sector farming, terms size stocks, patterns disposal and scale consumption. It then explores patchy data regarding peasant sector. The study shows that overall differed between pre- post-Black Death periods. After pestilence, husbandry started...
Pestis secunda (1356–1366 CE) is the first of a series plague outbreaks in Europe that followed Black Death (1346–1353 CE). Collectively this period called Second Pandemic. From genomic perspective, majority post-Black strains Yersinia pestis thus far identified display diversity accumulated over centuries form terminal sub-branch Y . phylogeny. It has been debated if these arose from local evolution or disease was repeatedly reintroduced an external source. Plague lineages descended ,...
ABSTRACT The Lake Volvi area, part of the region Macedonia (northern Greece), is a biodiversity hotspot, located in central major communication corridor connecting western and eastern parts Balkans. sediment succession from investigated here to provide unique high‐resolution pollen geochemical record for last 2000 years combining palaeoecological historical methods, implementing concept consilience. data document environmental dynamics since occupation area by Romans. vegetation changes...
This article looks at the demographic contours and impact of pestis secunda—the second wave Second Plague Pandemic—which ravaged England Wales in 1361–62. The study is based on a rich corpus statistical data deriving from manorial records—primarily court rolls, but also inquisitions postmortem episcopal registers—on national level. A close analysis reveals that question tended to discriminate across regions, socioeconomic statuses, genders. study's findings are then considered within wider...