This paper introduces a new empirical model of international trade flows based on an import intensity-adjusted measure aggregate demand. We compute the intensity demand components by using OECD Input-Output tables. argue that composition plays key role in dynamics because relatively larger movements most import-intensive categories expenditure (especially investment, but also exports). provide evidence favor these mechanisms for panel 18 countries, paying particular attention to 2008–2009...

The output effects of 2009 fiscal expansions have been hotly debated. But the discussion multipliers is even more relevant now that several European countries had to quickly retract their stimulus measures in an effort regain market confidence. Using regime-switching VARs we estimate impact adjustment on United States, Europe and Japan allowing for vary across recessions booms. We also ex ante probabilities derived association with different-sized different types consolidation shocks...

Abstract Growing awareness of the wider environmental significance fine sediment transport by rivers and associated problems linked to sediment–water quality interactions, nutrient contaminant transfer, degradation aquatic habitats has resulted in need for an improved understanding mobilization transfer catchments support development effective management strategies. The budget provides a key integrating concept assembling information on internal functioning catchment terms its dynamics...

Abstract Concern for the sustainability of soil resource and detrimental impacts fine sediment on downstream river systems aquatic ecosystems has directed attention to need information suspended loads rivers. However, traditional measurement programmes focus primarily quantifying load at a catchment outlet. Such information, although useful, may be limited value in establishing rates degradation, because much mobilized within deposited before reaching Furthermore, it also design...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of IMF.The expressed in this are those author(s) and do necessarily represent IMF or policy.Working Papers describe research progress by published to elicit comments further debate.This paper shows that increasing government social expenditures can make a substantive contribution household consumption China.The first undertakes an empirical study relationship between savings rate for panel OECD countries provides...

This paper introduces a new methodology for the estimation of demand trade elasticities based on an import intensity-adjusted measure aggregate demand, with foundation stylized theoretical model.We compute intensity components by using OECD Input-Output tables.We argue that composition plays key role in dynamics because large movements most import-intensive categories expenditure (especially investment, but also exports).We provide evidence favor these mechanisms panel 18 countries, paying...

In this study, an analysis of precipitation and temperature data has been performed over 67 series observed in a region southern Italy (Calabria). At first, to detect possible trends the time series, was with Mann–Kendall non-parametric test applied at monthly seasonal scale. An additional investigation, useful for checking climate change effects on vegetation, also included analysing bioclimatic indicators. particular, Emberger, Rivas-Martinez De Martonne indices were calculated by using...

Abstract The sediment budget is a key concept and tool for characterizing the mobilization, transfer storage of fine within catchment. Caesium‐137 measurements can provide valuable information on gross net erosion rates associated with sheet rill that be used to establish slope component catchment budget. However, there need validate use 137 Cs this purpose, because their reliability has sometimes been questioned. study reported focuses small (3·04 ha) steepland (mean 37%) in Southern Italy....

This paper shows that increasing government social expenditures can make a substantive contribution to household consumption in China. The first undertakes an empirical study of the relationship between savings rate and for panel OECD countries provides illustrative estimates their implications It then applies generational accounting framework Chinese income survey data. analysis suggests sustained 1 percent GDP increase public expenditures, distributed equally across education, health,...

The output effects of 2009 fiscal expansions have been hotly debated. But the discussion multipliers is even more relevant now that several European countries had to quickly retract their stimulus measures in an effort regain market confidence. Using regime-switching VARs we estimate impact adjustment on United States, Europe and Japan allowing for vary across recessions booms. We also ex ante probabilities derived association with different-sized different types consolidation shocks...

Abstract Over the last 50 years, different approaches have been employed in order to predict environmental risk due soil erosion and propose effective strategies control sedimentation. The use of fallout radionuclides, mainly caesium‐137 ( 137 Cs) excess lead‐210 210 Pb ex ), has proved be a very complement existing traditional methods, especially if resampling strategy is employed. approach involves repeating sampling radionuclide measurements within same site, after known amount time...

Recent concern about the many environmental problems associated with transport of fine sediment by rivers has generated a need to obtain spatially distributed evidence erosion rates operating within catchment and explore more explicitly links between mobilisation, transfer, storage output. In past few decades, fallout radionuclides caesium-137 (137Cs) unsupported lead-210 (210Pbex) have been successfully used as tracers estimate soil deposition in areas world. However, date, most studies...

Abstract Purpose Soil loss is considered one of the most important consequences land degradation as it affects production agricultural and forested areas, natural equilibrium aquatic ecosystems downstream. For these reasons, availability tools techniques able to identify areas at risk essential. Over last 3–4 decades, theoretical models, based on use 137 Cs, an anthropogenic radiotracer, proved be very effective for this purpose. However, models require specific information soil sediment...

In some areas of southern Italy, the change in land use over last 4–5 decades has increased pressure on and water resources caused different forms soil degradation. order to mitigate magnitude erosion, strategies that include construction flood control structures reforestation programs have been done several areas. However, quantifying effectiveness these is difficult absence direct measurements erosion. To cover this information gap, distributed numerical models coupled with radionuclide...

The characterization of the spatial variation geochemical parameters in spring waters, especially ones used for drinking purpose, is essential to identify potential risks humans. In this work, results a qualitative analysis on 190 samples waters collected largest catchment Calabria region (southern Italy) are shown. Several physical and chemical were analysed Langelier-Ludwig diagram was built evaluate hydrochemical facies sampled waters. Additionally, relationships between water temperature...

Abstract Recent increase of soil erosion rates in Southern Italy emphasizes the need to identify areas subjected higher environmental risks. Over last few decades, several techniques have been used this purpose. They include mainly experimental sites, like plots and catchments different size, use prediction models calibrated using local parameters. More recently, some limitations associated with these suggested radiotracers, 137 Cs, both as alternative complementary tools traditional...

A study on the impact of silvicultural practices water balance was carried out in a watershed Calabria, southern Italy, prevalent cover which is Calabrian pine stands. thinning 1993, removed 50% total number trees (about 30% basal area), and catchment hydrological response before after intervention compared. After thinning, differences were observed yearly runoff, with significant increase groundwater flow during spring summer. In light this evidence, we assume that interventions can...