Sequence‐based markers were developed to study the genetic structure and reproductive biology of ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus pungens Thiers & Smith in a Bishop pine ( Pinus muricata D. Don) forest. Six different basidiome genotypes found 1200 m 2 area. Five six represented by single basidiomes. The remaining genotype comprised 13 basidiomes covered an area at least 300 , with maximum measured dimensions 40 14 m. This is largest genet described date, likely result vegetative growth,...

• The mechanisms and conditions affecting expression of systemic induced resistance (SIR) in pine are not clearly understood. Two hypotheses were tested here: that SIR against a pathogen by either or an insect involves coordinated shifts phloem secondary metabolism; fertility affects the production these compounds. To test hypotheses, tripartite system was used comprising Austrian (Pinus nigra) grown under three different regimes, fungal Diplodia pinea, defoliator Neodiprion sertifer. Fungal...

The insect midgut and fat body represent major tissue interfaces that deal with several important physiological functions including digestion, detoxification immune response. emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), is an exotic invasive pest has killed millions of trees (Fraxinus spp.) primarily in the Midwestern United States Ontario, Canada. However, despite its high impact status little knowledge exists for A. planipennis at molecular level.Newer-generation Roche-454 pyrosequencing was...

Warming climate is allowing tree-killing bark beetles to expand their ranges and access naïve semi-naïve conifers. Conifers respond attack using complex mixtures of chemical defences that can impede beetle success, but exploit some compounds for host location communication. Outcomes changing relationships will depend on concentrations compositions multiple compounds, which are largely unknown. We analysed constitutive induced chemistries Dendroctonus ponderosae's primary historical host,...

Background Ash (Fraxinus spp.) is a dominant tree species throughout urban and forested landscapes of North America (NA). The rapid invasion NA by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), wood-boring beetle endemic to Eastern Asia, has resulted in the death millions trees threatens billions more. Larvae feed primarily on phloem tissue, which girdles kills tree. While including black (F. nigra), green pennsylvannica) white americana) are highly susceptible, Asian Manchurian mandshurica)...

Resistance to herbivores and pathogens is considered a key plant trait with strong adaptive value in trees, usually involving high concentrations of diverse array secondary metabolites (PSM). Intraspecific genetic variation plasticity PSM are widely known, however, their ecology evolution unclear, even the implication as traits that provide direct effective resistance against currently questioned. We used control methyl jasmonate (MJ)-induced clonal copies genotypes within families from ten...

Abstract Beech leaf disease (BLD) is a currently undiagnosed and seemingly lethal that was discovered in 2012 on American beech trees ( Fagus grandifolia ) north‐east Ohio the United States. Since its discovery, BLD has spread rapidly can now be found forests 10 counties Ohio, eight Pennsylvania five Ontario, Canada. The initial symptoms of appear as dark green, interveinal banding pattern lower canopy foliage. These typically occur shrub or sampling layer stand. later result solidly...

Plants experiencing drought stress are frequently more susceptible to pathogens, likely via alterations in physiology that create favorable conditions for pathogens. Common plant responses include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation free amino acids (AAs), particularly proline. These same phenomena also occur during pathogenic attack. Therefore, drought-induced perturbations AA ROS metabolism could potentially contribute observed enhanced susceptibility....

Early detection of plant diseases, prior to symptom development, can allow for targeted and more proactive disease management. The objective this study was evaluate the use near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning early rice sheath blight (ShB), caused by fungus Rhizoctonia solani . We collected NIR spectra from leaves ShB-susceptible ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, Lemont, growing in a growth chamber one day following inoculation R. , development any symptoms. Support...

Abstract Interspecific phenotypic variation in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) is often explained by biotic and abiotic factors. However, patterns of within species do not clearly fit the theoretical predictions. Exploring how genetics, environment demographic processes shape such among populations crucial for understanding evolution PSM, particularly long‐lived plants as forest trees. Here, we quantified genetic PSM populations, explored drivers local adaptation studying role climate a...

Systemic induced resistance (SIR) is a well-known host defense mechanism against pathogen attack in herbaceous plants, but SIR has only recently been documented conifers. We tested if inoculation of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) with Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko and Sutton or Diplodia scrobiculata de Wet, Slippers Wingfield results systemic susceptibility (SIS) to subsequent colonization by S. sapinea. Induction at the stem base resulted significant (P < 0.01) upper stem,...

Paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse either subsoil or topsoil factorial combination with two fertilization and drought regimes to investigate how different soil environments nutrient availability drive belowground partitioning between growth, secondary metabolism ectomycorrhizal (EM) associations, impact tolerance of paper birch. Root total seedling dry biomass, starch, soluble sugars, phenolics, lignin EM abundance quantified. In unfertilized topsoil,...

Abstract The invasive emerald ash borer ( EAB ) beetle is a significant threat to the survival of N orth A merican ash. In previous work, we identified putative biochemical and molecular markers constitutive resistance in M anchurian ash, an sian species co‐evolved with . Here, employed high‐throughput high‐performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection mass spectrometry HPLC‐PDA ‐ MS) characterize induced response soluble phloem phenolics attack resistant susceptible black...

Bark beetles are important agents of tree mortality in conifer forests and their interaction with trees is influenced by host defense chemicals, such as monoterpenes phenolics. Since mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) has expanded its range from lodgepole (Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud. (var. latifolia Engelm.))-dominated to the novel jack banksiana Lamb.) western Canada, studies investigating suitability a for this have exclusively focused on monoterpenes, whether...