Representative condensed and hydrolyzable tannins related simple phenolics were evaluated as biological antioxidants using cyclic voltammetry, the metmyoglobin assay, deoxyribose assay. The redox potentials of similar to those structurally phenolics. However, 15−30 times more effective at quenching peroxyl radicals than or Trolox. One tannins, polygalloyl glucose, reacted an order magnitude quickly with hydroxyl radical mannitol. These results suggest that which are found in many plant-based...

Scope Tangerine tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum ) are rich in tetra‐ cis ‐lycopene resulting from natural variation carotenoid isomerase. Our objective was to compare the bioavailability of lycopene tangerine red tomato juice, and elucidate physical deposition forms these isomers by light electron microscopy. Methods results Following a randomized cross‐over design, subjects n = 11, 6 M/5 F) consumed two meals delivering 10 mg (94% or juice (10% ). Blood sampled over 12 h triglyceride‐rich...

The 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS•+) decolorization assay has been used to determine the antioxidant activity of polyphenol epicatechin16 (4 → 8) catechin (procyanidin, PC) alone or in complex with model proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) gelatin. PC had a molar capacity approximately 54, 92, 108 radicals at pH values 3.0, 4.9, 7.4, respectively. Radical scavenging occurred via rapid step followed by slow step. Interaction gelatin reduced rate...

Research has suggested that lycopene may be metabolized by eccentric cleavage, catalyzed β-carotene oxygenase 2, resulting in the generation of apo-lycopenals. Apo-6′-lycopenal and apo-8′-lycopenal have been reported previously raw tomato. We now show several other apo-lycopenals are also present processed foods, as well human plasma. Apo-lycopenal standards were prepared vitro oxidation lycopene, a high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method using...

This study evaluated the effects of black raspberries (BRBs) on biomarkers tumor development in human colon and rectum including methylation relevant suppressor genes, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, expression Wnt pathway genes.Biopsies adjacent normal tissues colorectal adenocarcinomas were taken from 20 patients before after oral consumption BRB powder (60 g/d) for 1-9 weeks. Methylation status promoter regions five genes was quantified. Protein DNA methyltransferase 1...

Different abiotic stress conditions induce distinct sets of anthocyanins, indicating that anthocyanins have different biological functions, or decoration patterns each anthocyanin are used for unique purposes during stress. The induction accumulation in vegetative tissues is often considered to be a response plants biotic conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) accumulates over 20 derived from the anthocyanidin cyanidin an organ-specific manner development, but chemical diversity...

Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments that accumulate in the large central vacuole of most plants. Inside vacuole, anthocyanins can be found uniformly distributed or as part sub-vacuolar pigment bodies, Anthocyanic Vacuolar Inclusions (AVIs). Using Arabidopsis seedlings grown under anthocyanin-inductive conditions a model to understand how AVIs formed, we show here accumulation strongly correlates with formation cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and derivatives. mutants fail glycosylate...

β-Carotene is the major dietary source of provitamin A. Central cleavage β-carotene catalyzed by oxygenase 1 yields two molecules retinaldehyde. Subsequent oxidation produces all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), which functions as a ligand for family nuclear transcription factors, retinoic receptors (RARs). Eccentric at non-central double bonds other enzymes and can also occur non-enzymatically. The products these reactions are β-apocarotenals β-apocarotenones, whose biological in mammals...

Muskmelons, both cantaloupe (Cucumis melo Reticulatus Group) and orange-fleshed honeydew (C. Inodorus Group), a cross between green-fleshed honeydew, are excellent sources of β-carotene. Although β-carotene from melon is an important dietary antioxidant precursor vitamin A, its bioaccessibility/bioavailability unknown. We compared concentrations previously frozen melons grown under the same glasshouse conditions, freshly harvested field-grown, to determine bioaccessibility/bioavailability,...

Humans cannot synthesize vitamin A and thus must obtain it from their diet. β-Carotene 15,15′-oxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of provitamin carotenoids at central 15–15′ double bond to yield retinal (vitamin A). In this work, we quantitatively describe substrate specificity purified recombinant human BCO1 in terms catalytic efficiency values (kcat/Km). The full-length open reading frame was cloned into pET-28b expression vector with a C-terminal polyhistidine tag, protein...

Scope Epidemiologic evidence suggests diets rich in cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli, are associated with lower bladder cancer risk. Our objectives to investigate these observations and determine the role of isothiocyanates primary or secondary prevention. Methods results We initially mechanisms whereby broccoli sprout extracts pure inhibit normal, noninvasive (RT4), invasive (J82, UMUC3) human urothelial cell viability. Sulforaphane (IC 50 = 5.66 ± 1.2 μM) erucin 8.79 1.3 found...

Scope Flavones have reported anti‐inflammatory activities, but the ability of flavone‐rich foods to reduce inflammation is unclear. Here, we report effect flavone glycosylation in regulation inflammatory mediators vitro and absorption dietary flavones vivo. Methods results The activities celery extracts, some rich aglycones others glycosides, were tested on tumor necrosis factor α ( TNF ‐α) nuclear kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer activated B cells NF ‐κ ) lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated...

Scope Broccoli sprouts are a rich source of glucosinolates, group phytochemicals that when hydrolyzed, associated with cancer prevention. Our objectives were to investigate the metabolism, distribution, and interconversion isothiocyanates (ITCs) in mice fed thermally processed broccoli sprout powders (BSPs) or purified ITC sulforaphane. Methods results For 1 wk, control diet ( n = 20) one four treatment diets 10 each) containing nonheated BSP, 60°C mildly heated 5‐min steamed 3 mmol...

β-Carotene 15-15'-oxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to retinal (vitamin aldehyde). Aldehydes readily exchange their carbonyl oxygen with water, making labeling experiments challenging. BCO1 has been thought be a monooxygenase, incorporating from O2 and H2O into its products. This was based on study that used conditions favored water. We incubated purified recombinant human β-carotene in either (16)O2-H2(18)O or (18)O2-H2(16)O medium for 15...

We hypothesized that soy phytochemicals may have immunomodulatory properties affect prostate carcinogenesis and progression. A randomized, phase II trial was conducted in 32 patients with cancer asymptomatic biochemical recurrence but no measurable disease on standard staging studies. Patients were randomized to two slices of bread (34 mg isoflavones/slice) or containing almond powder daily as a source β-glucosidase. Flow cytometry bioplex assays used measure cytokines immune cell phenotype...

The fruit of Arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh) native to the Colombian Amazon is considered a potentially economically valuable for Andean economy due its novel and unique taste. has an intense yellow color, but chemical composition properties have not been well studied. Here we report identification quantitation carotenoids in ripe using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detector (PDA) atmospheric pressure ionization (APcI) mass spectrometry (MS/MS)....

Provitamin A carotenoids are oxidatively cleaved by β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) at the central 15-15' double bond to form retinal (vitamin aldehyde). Another carotenoid oxygenase, 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes oxidative cleavage of 9'-10' yield an ionone and apo-10'-carotenoid. Previously published substrate specificity studies BCO2 were conducted using crude lysates from bacteria or insect cells expressing recombinant BCO2. Our attempts obtain active human expressed in...

Scope Black raspberries (BRB) are a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals, including anthocyanins and ellagitannins. These phytochemicals poorly absorbed may be transformed by gut microbiota into various metabolites that impact the colonic mucosa or upon absorption have systemic bioactivity. The objective this study is to define BRB‐containing diet on colon microbiome in mice quantify phytochemical contents circulation. Methods results Male were fed 10% w/w freeze‐dried BRB powder for 6...

Scope Orange juice contains flavanones including hesperidin and narirutin, albeit at lower concentrations as compared to orange fruit. Therefore, we bioavailability colonic catabolism of from a 2.4-fold higher dose fresh oranges. Methods results Following randomized two-way cross-over design, 12 healthy subjects consumed test meal comprising either oranges or pasteurized juice, delivering 1774 751 μmol total Citrus flavanones, respectively. Deglucuronidated desulfated hesperetin, naringenin,...