A recent study demonstrated that individuals making experience-based choices underweight small probabilities, in contrast to the overweighting observed a typical descriptive paradigm. We tested whether trial-by-trial feedback repeated paradigm would engender more correspondent with experiential or paradigms. The results of gambling task indicated receiving underweighted relative their no-feedback counterparts. These implicate as critical component during decision-making process, even...

It is more common for educational and psychological data to be nonnormal than approximately normal. This tendency may lead bias error in point estimates of the Pearson correlation coefficient. In a series Monte Carlo simulations, was examined under conditions normal data, it compared with its major alternatives, including Spearman rank-order correlation, bootstrap estimate, Box–Cox transformation family, general normalizing (i.e., rankit), as well various adjustments. Nonnormality caused...

Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) often show decision-making deficits in everyday circumstances. A failure to appropriately weigh immediate versus future consequences of choices may contribute these deficits. We used the delay discounting task individuals BD or SZ investigate their temporal decision making. Twenty-two BD, 21 SZ, 30 healthy completed along neuropsychological measures working memory cognitive function. Both groups discounted delayed rewards more...

Recent research suggests that older adults are more susceptible to interference effects than young adults; however, has failed equate differences in original learning. In 4 experiments, the authors show produced by a misleading prime. Even when learning was equated, were 10 times as likely falsely remember information and much less increase their accuracy opting not answer under conditions of free responding. The results well described multinomial model postulates multiple modes cognitive...

People often misattribute the causes of their thoughts and feelings. The authors propose a multinomial process model affect misattributions, which separates three component processes. first is an affective response to true cause affect. second apparent cause. third when source confused for real source. validated using misattribution procedure (AMP), uses misattributions as means implicitly measure attitudes. illuminates not only AMP but also other phenomena in researchers wish processes...

Abstract Performance on complex decision‐making tasks may depend a multitude of processes. Two such tasks, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Balloon Analog Risk (BART), are particular interest because they associated with real world risky behavior, including illegal drug use. We used cognitive models to disentangle underlying processes in both tasks. Whereas behavioral measures from IGT BART were uncorrelated, revealed two reliable cross‐task associations. Results suggest that similarly...

Converging research suggests that individuals with schizophrenia show a marked impairment in reinforcement learning, particularly tasks requiring flexibility and adaptation. The problem has been associated dopamine reward systems. This study explores, for the first time, characteristics of this how it is affected by behavioral intervention-cognitive remediation.Using computational modelling, 3 learning parameters based on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) trial-by-trial performance were...

Abstract Graphs can help people arrive at data-supported conclusions. However, graphs might also induce bias by shifting the amount of evidence needed to make a decision, such as deciding whether treatment had some kind effect. In 2 experiments, we manipulated early base rates effects in graphs. Early large effect on signal detection measure future even though all 50% chance showing effect, regardless earlier rates. contrast, autocorrelation data points within each graph larger...

From a behavioural perspective anhedonia is defined as diminished interest in the engagement of pleasurable activities. Despite its presence across range psychiatric disorders, cognitive processes that give rise to remain unclear.Here we examine whether associated with learning from positive and negative outcomes patients diagnosed major depression, schizophrenia opiate use disorder alongside healthy control group. Responses Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - task prefrontal cortex function were...

Exposure to misleading information, presented after a critical episode, can alter or impair memory reports about that episode. Here, we examine vulnerability information in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The ability initiate an effective retrieval strategy and inhibit irrelevant interfering requires participation from the prefrontal cortices, which are susceptible damage following injury. We report TBI more prone interference effects produced by during cued-recall task likely...

Results of three experiments revealed that older, as compared to young, adults are more reliant on context when "seeing" a briefly flashed word was preceded by prime. In congruent condition, the prime same (e.g., DIRT dirt) whereas in an incongruent differed single letter from (DART dirt). Following their attempt identify word, participants were asked report whether they had "seen" or, instead, responded some other basis (knowing or guessing). Older showed dramatically higher false seeing...

When bivariate normality is violated, the default confidence interval of Pearson correlation can be inaccurate. Two new methods were developed based on asymptotic sampling distribution Fisher's z ′ under general case where need not assumed. In Monte Carlo simulations, most successful these relied (Vale & Maurelli, 1983, Psychometrika , 48, 465) family to approximate a via marginal skewness and kurtosis sample data. Simulation 1, this method provided more accurate intervals in non‐normal...

Abstract Interrupted time-series graphs are often judged by eye. Such a graph might show, for example, patient symptom severity ( y ) on each of several days x before and after treatment was implemented (interruption). be prone to systematic misjudgment because serial dependence, where random error at timepoint persists into later timepoints. An earlier study (Matyas & Greenwood, 1990) showed evidence misjudgment, but that has been discounted due methodological concerns. We address these...

Previous research has shown that multiple choice tests often improve memory retention. However, the presence of incorrect lures attenuates this benefit. The current examined effects "all above" (AOTA) options. When such options are correct, no present. In first three experiments, a correct AOTA option on an initial test led to larger benefit than and standard conditions. benefits occurred even without feedback test; for both 5-minute 48-hour retention delays; cued recall final formats....

Probabilistic retroactive interference (RI) refers to the interfering effects of intermixing presentations an earlier studied response (A-B) with a competing (A-D). As example, for 2/3 condition, cue word was presented its twice and once during phase. Performance on direct indirect tests memory responses combined reveal dissociations between recollection accessibility bias. Manipulating probabilistic RI influenced bias but left unchanged. Effects were compared traditional, nonprobabilistic...