Abstract This article addresses the representation of numerical information conveyed by nonsymbolic and symbolic stimuli. In a first simulation study, we show how number-selective neurons develop when an initially uncommitted neural network is given stimuli as input (e.g., collections dots) under unsupervised learning. The resultant able to account for distance size effects, two ubiquitous effects in cognition. Furthermore, properties units conform detail characteristics recently discovered...

The conflict monitoring model of M. Botvinick, T. S. Braver, D. Barch, C. Carter, and J. Cohen (2001) triggered several research programs investigating various aspects cognitive control. One problematic aspect the Botvinick et al. is that there no clear account how system knows where to intervene when detected. As a result, recent findings task-specific context-specific (e.g., item-specific) adaptation are difficult interpret. difficulty with item-specific was recently pointed out by Blais,...

The SNARC (spatial numerical associations of response codes) effect reflects the tendency to respond faster with left hand relatively small numbers and right large (S.Dehaene, S. Bossini, & P. Giraux, 1993).Using computational modeling, present article aims provide a framework for conceptualizing effect.In line models spatial stimulusresponse congruency, authors modeled as result parallel activation preexisting links between magnitude representation short-term created on basis task...

Anticipating a potential benefit and how difficult it will be to obtain are valuable skills in constantly changing environment. In the human brain, anticipation of reward is encoded by Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) Striatum. Naturally, rewards have an incentive quality, resulting motivational effect improving performance. Recently has been proposed that upcoming task requiring effort induces similar mechanism as reward, relying on same cortico-limbic network. However, this overlapping...

A tight correspondence has been postulated between the representations of number and space. The spatial numerical association response codes (SNARC) effect, which reflects observation that people respond faster with left-hand side to small numbers right-hand large numbers, is regarded as strong evidence for this correspondence. dominant explanation SNARC effect it results from visuospatial coding magnitude (e.g., mental line hypothesis). In a series experiments, we demonstrated only part...

The role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in cognition has been extensively investigated with several techniques, including single-unit recordings rodents and monkeys EEG fMRI humans. This generated a rich set data points view. Important theoretical functions proposed for ACC are value estimation, error detection, error-likelihood conflict monitoring, estimation reward volatility. A unified view is lacking at this time, however. Here we propose that online could be key function...

Numerous studies have identified the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) as an area critically involved in numerical processing. IPS neurons macaques are tuned to a preferred numerosity, hence neurally coding numerosity number-selective way. Neuroimaging humans demonstrated processing anterior parts of IPS. Nevertheless, processes that convert visual input into neural code remain unknown. Computational suggested stage is sensitive, but not selective number, precedes when nonsymbolic quantities...

Despite its importance in everyday life, the computational nature of effort investment remains poorly understood. We propose an model obtained from optimality considerations, and a neurocomputational approximation to optimal model. Both are couched framework reinforcement learning. It is shown that choosing when or not exert can be adaptively learned, depending on rewards, costs, task difficulty. In model, limbic loop comprising anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) ventral striatum basal ganglia...

Optimal decision-making is based on integrating information from several dimensions of decisional space (e.g., reward expectation, cost estimation, effort exertion). Despite considerable empirical and theoretical efforts, the computational neural bases such multidimensional integration have remained largely elusive. Here we propose that current stalemate may be broken by considering properties a cortical-subcortical circuit involving dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) brainstem...

When external feedback about decision outcomes is lacking, agents need to adapt their policies based on an internal estimate of the correctness choices (i.e., confidence). We hypothesized that use confidence continuously update tradeoff between speed and accuracy decisions: low in one decision, agent needs more evidence before committing a choice next leading slower but accurate decisions. tested this hypothesis by fitting bounded accumulation model behavioral data from three different...

Theoretical work predicts that decisions made with low confidence should lead to increased information-seeking. This is an adaptive strategy because it can increase the quality of a decision, and previous behavioral has shown decision-makers engage in such confidence-driven The present study aimed characterize neural markers mediate relationship between A paradigm was used which 17 human participants (9 male) initial perceptual then decided whether or not they wanted sample more evidence...

Abstract Humans differ in their capability to judge choice accuracy via confidence judgments. Popular signal detection theoretic measures of metacognition, such as M-ratio, do not consider the dynamics decision making. This can be problematic if response caution is shifted alter tradeoff between speed and accuracy. Such shifts could induce unaccounted-for sources variation assessment metacognition. Instead, evidence accumulation frameworks making, including computation confidence, a dynamic...

Humans differ vastly in the confidence they assign to decisions. Although such under- and overconfidence relate fundamental life outcomes, a computational account specifying underlying mechanisms is currently lacking. We propose that prior beliefs ability perform task explain differences across participants tasks, despite similar performance. In two perceptual decision-making experiments, we show manipulating about performance during training causally influences healthy adults ( N = 50 each;...