The role of acetylcholine (ACh) as a key neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system is well established. However, ACh may be broader because also function an autocrine or paracrine signaling molecule variety nonneuronal tissues. To begin to establish origin hormone lung, we have examined neonatal adult monkey bronchial epithelium for components involved nicotinic cholinergic signaling. Using immunohistochemistry RT-PCR, demonstrated lung epithelial cells (BECs) expression...

Respiratory viruses cause asthma exacerbations. Because eosinophils are the prominent leukocytes in airways of 60-70% patients with asthma, we evaluated effects on a common respiratory virus, parainfluenza 1, lung. Eosinophils recruited to wild-type mice after ovalbumin sensitization and challenge significantly decreased virus RNA lungs 4 days infection compared nonsensitized animals. This antiviral effect was also seen IL-5 transgenic an abundance airway (NJ.1726) but lost...

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Among the many deleterious effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on foetal development, is a higher incidence persistent pulmonary hypertension. The recent identification nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) cells vessel walls suggests that may produce morphological alterations in vasculature. Timed­pregnant rhesus monkeys were treated with nicotine (1 mg·kg −1 ·day ) delivered by subcutaneous osmotic mini­pumps from days 26–134 gestation (term: 165 days). Lung sections 134‐day...

Smoking during pregnancy leads to decreased pulmonary function and increased respiratory illness in offspring. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that many effects of smoking are mediated by nicotine. We now report vitamin C supplementation can prevent some the maternal nicotine exposure on Timed-pregnant rhesus monkeys were treated with 2 mg/kg/day bitartrate from Gestation Days 26 160. On Day 160 (term, 165 days) fetuses delivered C-section subjected testing following day. Nicotine...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8 detect respiratory virus single-stranded RNA trigger an innate immune response. We recently described rapid TLR7-mediated bronchodilation in guinea pigs.To characterize TLR7 expression TLR7-induced airway relaxation humans eosinophilic inflammation pigs. To evaluate the relaxant effects of other TLRs.Human smooth muscle strips were contracted with methacholine vitro, responses to TLR8 agonists assessed. nitric oxide production was measured using a...

Epidemiologic studies link organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) to increased incidence of asthma. In guinea pigs, OP-induced airway hyperreactivity requires macrophages and TNF-α. Here, we determined whether OPs interact directly with alter cytokine expression or release. Human THP1 cells were differentiated into then exposed parathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, their oxon, phosphate, phosphorothioate metabolites for 24 hours in the absence presence reagents that block cholinergic receptors....

Rationale: Chronic cough is characterized by frequent urges to and a heightened sensitivity inhaled irritants. Airway sensory nerves trigger cough. We hypothesized that nerve density increased in chronic cough, which may contribute excessive persistent coughing.Objectives: To measure airway (axonal length) complexity (nerve branching, neuropeptide expression) humans with without cough.Methods: Bronchoscopic human biopsies were immunolabeled for the substance P. Eosinophil peroxidase was also...

BackgroundRecent epidemiologic studies have identified organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) as environmental factors potentially contributing to the increase in asthma prevalence over last 25 years. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentrations OPs induce airway hyperreactivity guinea pigs.ObjectivesSensitization allergen is a significant factor asthma, and shown sensitization changes virus-induced from an eosinophil-independent mechanism one...

Background Epidemiological studies link organophosphorus pesticide (OP) exposures to asthma, and we have shown that the OPs chlorpyrifos, diazinon parathion cause airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs 24 hr after a single subcutaneous injection. OP-induced involves M2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction on nerves independent of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, but how inhibit neuronal receptors airways is not known. In central nervous system, interact directly with neurons alter function...

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are implicated in human asthma. We previously demonstrated that, at concentrations that do not inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, the OP parathion causes airway hyperreactivity guinea pigs as a result of functional loss inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves. Because macrophages associated with asthma, we investigated whether mediate parathion-induced receptor dysfunction and hyperreactivity. Airway physiology was measured 24 h...

Obesity increases incidence and severity of asthma but the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Hyperinsulinemia potentiates vagally induced bronchoconstriction in obese rats. Since results from airway smooth muscle contraction, we tested whether insulin changed agonist-induced contraction. Obesity-prone resistant rats were fed a low-fat diet for 5 wk treated with (Lantus, 3 units/rat sc) 16 h before was measured. Ex vivo, contractile responses to methacholine measured...

It has been previously shown that cultured granulosa cells (GCs) derived from human ovarian preovulatory follicles contain choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis. They also produce ACh and express functional muscarinic receptors. can act on GCs to increase proliferation, disrupt gap junctional communication, alter intracellular calcium levels, as well expression of transcription factors, suggesting an unrecognized role in GC function. To...

Increased insulin is associated with obesity-related airway hyperreactivity and asthma. We tested whether the use of metformin, an antidiabetic drug used to reduce resistance, can circulating insulin, thereby preventing in rats dietary obesity. Male female were fed a high- or low-fat diet for 5 wk. Some male simultaneously treated metformin (100 mg/kg orally). In separate experiments, after wk high-fat diet, some switched whereas others continued additional Bronchoconstriction bradycardia...

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<Materials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferencesCITING ARTICLES

Eosinophils contribute to metabolic homeostasis and airway hyperresponsiveness, but their specific role in obesity-related hyperresponsiveness remains unclear. To address this, we utilized transgenic mice that overexpress interleukin-5 (IL-5) peripheral T cells (+IL-5T) wild type controls. On a normal diet, +IL-5T have similar body weight, fat, nerve-mediated reflex bronchoconstriction response inhaled serotonin. Feeding 61.6% high-fat diet resulted significantly increased fasting glucose,...

Obesity-related asthma often presents with more severe symptoms than non-obesity-related and responds poorly to current treatments. Both insulin resistance hyperinsulinemia are common in obesity. We have shown that increased mediates airway hyperreactivity diet-induced obese rats by causing neuronal M 2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction, which normally inhibits acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves. Decreasing streptozotocin prevented dysfunction. The objective of the present study...

The interosseal and suspensory ligaments of the axial appendicular skeleton Western Mosquitofish, &lt;i&gt;Gambusia affinis &lt;/i&gt;were investigated in whole-mounted late embryonic adult female male &lt;i&gt;G. a. &lt;/i&gt;stained with alcian blue alizarin red S, cleared, viewed using differential interference contrast. &lt;/i&gt;are reduced prior to sexual differentiation continue females. However, &lt;/i&gt;the are well developed become robust males. Treating &lt;/i&gt;with either 30.0...

Asthma susceptibility is influenced by environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. DNA methylation one form of modification that regulates gene expression both inherited modified environmental exposures throughout life. Prenatal development a particularly vulnerable time period during which exposure to maternal asthma increases risk in offspring. How affects offspring what the consequences differential are subsequent generations not fully known. In this study, we tested effects...

Abstract We report subpopulations of airway parasympathetic neurons expressing substance P, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and tyrosine hydroxylase, highlighting unexplored heterogeneity in this population. These neurotransmitter-specific did not form intraganglionic interneurons, but rather, extended outside the ganglia, into airways, to distant innervation targets. Our experiments demonstrate utility multicolor labeling characterize innervation, allowing us confirm extensive...