The A chilles tendon ( AT ) consists of fascicles that originate from the medial head gastrocnemius MG ), lateral LG and soleus muscle Sol ). These are reported to have a twisted structure. However, there is no consensus as degree torsion. purpose this study was investigate structure at level , elucidate morphological characteristics. Gross anatomical 60 J apanese cadavers (111 legs) used. originated were fused while twisting among themselves. There three classification types depending on...

Abstract Findings on the twisting structure and insertional location of AT calcaneal tuberosity are inconsistent. Therefore, to obtain a better understanding mechanisms underlying Achilles tendinopathy, clarification anatomy insertion onto is important. The purpose this study was reveal twisted its using Japanese cadavers. conducted 132 legs from 74 cadavers (mean age at death, 78.3 ± 11.1 years; 87 sides men, 45 women). Only soleus (Sol) attached deep layer classified as least twist (Type...

Abstract Background: Investigating the kinematics of copers, who are individuals with no recurrent ankle sprains, is necessary to prevent development chronic instability (CAI). Since “giving way” joint (episodes excessive inversion rearfoot, which do not result in an acute lateral sprain) usually occurs during walking, investigating intra-foot coordination walking necessary. This study aims identify and its variability copers while walking. Methods: The included 12 13 CAIs, 10 controls....

The calf raise test (CRT) is commonly used to assess triceps surae muscle-tendon unit function. Often, a metronome set 60 beats/min (30 repetitions/min) the cadence of repetitions, but studies report using cadences ranging from 30 120 beats/min. We investigated effect on CRT outcomes, accounting for potential confounders sex, age, body mass index, and physical activity. Thirty-six healthy individuals (50% female) performed single-leg repetitions volitional exhaustion in 3 randomized...

ABSTRACT Abnormal foot alignment such flatfoot is involved in running injuries. The mechanism by which susceptible to injuries has not yet been established. purpose of this study was classify kinematic coupling patterns hierarchical clustering, adding individuals with and motion the transverse plane injuries, identify factors that determine clusters classified. Twenty‐four young healthy adults were divided classified into normal flat groups 12 participants each, using posture index. task...

Background/Objective: Torque generated by shank angular acceleration (SAA) has been proposed as a potential risk factor for increased hamstring muscle loading during the swing phase of running cycle. However, direct evidence supporting this relationship remains unclear. Therefore, study aimed to examine between SAA and peak activation phase.Methods: Twenty recreational players (six females, fourteen males) were recruited perform minimum three treadmill sprints at maximum speed. Hamstring...

Rice is the fundamental principal food for about half of world'Â’s population, and it supplies 20% calories consumed worldwide. consumption increases with population. In 21st century, a large increase in population anticipated. Most will occur Asia Africa, where lives on rice. The problem become as important environmental problem. We present basic data thinking future. this research, we consider Asia, Europe, Americas Oceania model areas examine rice production each area. study rice-deficit...

Background and Purpose The authors propose that preadolescents with Down syndrome (DS) initially adapt to contexts challenge their stability by increasing stiffness impulse but, practice, they will continue adapt, but in the opposite direction, decreasing impulse. purpose of this study was explore changes values participants DS after sufficient, task-specific practice distributed over time a motivating environment. Subjects Eight 8 typical development (TD) participated. Methods At pretest...

A critical issue in the study of infant development is to identify processes by which task-specific action emerges from spontaneous movement. Emergent leg has been studied providing contingent reinforcement specific movements using an overhead infant-activated mobile, however, there limited information on strategies used infants support emergence The purpose this (1) determine ability 3 month old learn, through discovery, contingency between and mobile activation a virtual threshold, (2)...

Females, as compared with males, have a higher proportion of injuries in the foot region. However, reason for this gender difference regarding remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate differences associated rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running. Twelve healthy males 12 females ran on treadmill. The running speed was set which changes from walking Three-dimensional were collected between females. Furthermore, spatiotemporal parameters (speed, cadence, step length)...

Infants with myelomeningocele (MMC) have difficulty with, and show delays in, acquiring functional skills, such as walking. This study examined whether infants MMC will respond to treadmill practice by producing stepping patterns or at least motor activity during the first year after birth. also compared trajectories of across age those typical development (TD) analyze characteristics in early life.Twelve (lumbar sacral lesions) 12 TD were participants this study.The tested on a ages 1, 3,...

This randomised crossover study with repeated measures examined the influence of three most common foot starting positions used in conducting calf raise test (CRT) on outcomes. also accounted for potential gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and level physical activity

Although women reportedly have a higher prevalence of medial tibial stress syndrome ( MTSS ) than men, the possible role gender‐based anatomical differences has not been investigated. The aim present study was to investigate presence in range muscle attachments along entire tibia, proportion attachment at middle and distal thirds margin structure crural fascia, chiasm position. specimens were 100 legs 55 Japanese cadavers. Statistical analysis carried out using chi‐square test compare...