Summary In many plant species, seed dormancy is broken by cold stratification, a pre‐chilling treatment of fully imbibed seeds. Although the ecological importance response to temperature well appreciated, mechanisms underlying physiological changes during stratification unknown. Here we show that GATA zinc finger protein expressed in Arabidopsis seeds plays critical role germination. Characterization an enhancer‐trap population identified multiple lines exhibited β ‐glucuronidase (GUS)...

Abstract trans-Zeatin is a major and ubiquitous cytokinin in higher plants. cis-Zeatin has traditionally been viewed as an adjunct with low activity rare occurrence. Recent reports of cis-zeatin its derivatives the predominant components some plant tissues may call for different perspective on cis-isomers. The existence maize (Zea mays) gene (cisZOG1) encoding O-glucosyltransferase specific to (R.C. Martin, M.C. Mok, J.E. Habben, D.W.S. Mok [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 5922–5926) lends...

Zeatin is the most active and ubiquitous of naturally occurring cytokinins. The O -glucoside zeatin, found in all plants examined, considered to be important cytokinin transport, storage, protection against oxidases. enzyme UDPglucose:zeatin -glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.203 ) was previously isolated from Phaseolus lunatus seeds. Immunoscreening an expression library with monospecific antibody resulted isolation a cDNA encoding enzyme. recombinant protein efficiently converts labeled zeatin...

Zeatin is a naturally occurring cytokinin. Biosynthesis and metabolism studies of zeatin have been directed mostly at the trans isomer, although cis -zeatin its riboside occur as major components in some plant species. It not known whether parallel regulatory pathways exist for two isomers. Based on sequence gene ZOG1 encoding O -glucosyltransferase from Phaseolus (EC 2.4.1.203 ), -zeatin-specific was isolated maize. This gene, cisZOG1 , contains an ORF 1,401 nucleotides protein 51.1 kDa...

Abstract Zeatin is the most active and ubiquitous form of naturally occurring cytokinins. Glycosyl conjugates zeatin are found in many plant tissues considered important for storage protection against degradative enzymes. Two enzymes catalyzing formation O-glycosyl derivatives have been characterized,O-glucosyltransferase andO-xylosyltransferase, seeds lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) vulgaris), respectively. Recently, ZOG1 gene (zeatinO-glucosyltansferase) was isolated from P. lunatis (Martin...

Summary Enhancer trap is a powerful approach for identifying tissue‐ and stage‐specific gene expression in plants animals. For Arabidopsis research, β ‐glucuronidase (GUS) enhancer‐trap lines have been created successfully used to identify tissue‐specific many plant organs. However, limited applications of these seed germination research reported. This probably due the impermeability testa GUS substrate. By focusing on stages between endosperm rupture, we were able circumvent barrier...

To study the effects of cytokinin O-glucosylation in monocots, maize (Zea mays L.) transformants harbouring ZOG1 gene (encoding a zeatin O-glucosyltransferase from Phaseolus lunatus under control constitutive ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter were generated. The roots and leaves had greatly increased levels zeatin-O-glucoside. vegetative characteristics hemizygous homozygous Ubi:ZOG1 plants resembled those cytokinin-deficient plants, including shorter stature, thinner stems, narrower leaves, smaller...

Abstract Germination and early seedling development are critical for successful stand establishment of plants. Following germination, the cotyledons, which derived from embryonic tissue, emerge seed. Arabidopsis seedlings at post-germinative stages supported mainly by supply nutrition cotyledons until vegetative leaves initiate photosynthesis. The switch to autotrophic growth is a significant transition stage. Here, we provide evidence that down-regulation SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN...

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in developmental programmes of plants, including seed germination and post-germination. Here, we provide evidence that two different miRNA pathways, miR156 miR172, interact during the post-germination stages Arabidopsis . Mutant seedlings expressing miR156-resistant SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE13 ( mSPL13 ), which has silent mutations complementary sequence, over-accumulated SPL13 mRNA exhibited a delay seedling development. Microarray...

Abstract The research assessed the impact of matoa peel (MP) inclusion on nutrient profile corn silage. Sixteen packs 200 g silage, enriched with 0%, 20%, 30% and 40% MP, were analyzed for pH content before after 21-days ensiling. Results showed that levels decreased to 3.62 ensiling, 20% resulting in lowest at 3.90 across levels. Highest dry matter (DM) was observed Although there no significant interaction effect ash content, variation among observed, highest value 9.65% 0% inclusion....

Abstract Two yeast genes, FRE1 and FRE2 (encodingFe(III) reductases) were placed under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) viaAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Homozygous lines containing FRE1, FRE2, or plus generated. Northern-blot analyses revealed mRNA two different sizes in lines, whereas all had only expected length. Fe(III) reduction, chlorophyll contents, Fe levels determined transgenic plants...

A reductase catalyzing the conversion of zeatin to dihydrozeatin was detected in soluble fractions immature Phaseolus vulgaris embryos. The enzyme partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity, gel filtration, anion exchange chromatography. NADPH only cofactor required for activity, pH optimum 7.5 8.0. did not recognize compounds closely related zeatin, such as ribosylzeatin, cls-zeatin, O-xylosylzeatin, N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenine, or N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine. No...

Glucosides of trans-zeatin occur widely in plant tissues, formed either by O-glucosylation the hydroxylated side chain or N-glucosylation purine ring structure. O-Glucosylation is stereo-specific: O-glucosyltransferase encoded Phaseolus lunatus ZOG1 gene has high affinity for as substrate, whereas enzyme maize (Zea mays) cisZOG1 prefers cis-zeatin. Here we show that derivatives benzyladenine (topolins) are also substrates and cisZOG1. The m-OH o-OH preferred substrate cisZOG1, respectively....

An enzyme catalyzing the formation of O-glucosylzeatin in immature embryos Phaseolus lunatus was purified 2500-fold using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by affinity and anion exchange chromatography. The uses trans-zeatin as substrate (K(m) 28 micromolar) but not cis-zeatin, ribosylzeatin, or dihydrozeatin. Both UDP-glucose UDP-xylose can serve glycosyl donors, with K(m)s 0.2 2.7 millimolar, respectively, for O-xylosylzeatin. In comparison, UDPxylose-zeatin:O-xylosyltransferase (JE...

The potential environmental risks of transgene exposure are not clear for alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), a perennial crop that is cross-pollinated by insects. We gathered data on feral in major seed-production areas the western United States to (1) evaluate evidence transgenic plants spread transgenes and (2) determine agricultural production factors influencing location alfalfa, especially plants. Road verges Fresno, California; Canyon, Idaho; Walla Walla, Washington were surveyed...

Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) provides an important tool for analyzing gene expression if proper internal standards are used. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate reference genes use in quantitative RT‐PCR perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) during plant development. Partial sequences nine L. housekeeping were obtained by using degenerate primers designed from the corresponding closely related species. Primers based on...

is a pathogen that infects most members of Pooideae, subfamily Poaceae, and causes ergot, floral disease in which the ovary replaced with sclerotium. When ergot body accidently consumed by either man or animal high enough quantities, there extreme pain, limb loss sometimes death.

Increased biotic and abiotic plant stresses due to climate change together with an expected global human population of over 9 billion by 2050 intensifies the demand for agricultural production on marginal lands. Soil salinity is one major responsible reduced crop productivity worldwide salinization arable land has dramatically increased last few decades. Consequently, as becomes less amenable conventional agriculture, plants grown soils will be exposed higher levels soil salinity. Forage...

The grey garden slug (Deroceras reticulatum), a common terrestrial native to Europe with global distribution including North America, is commonly considered the most severe pest in agriculture. nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, which has been used U.K. and as commercial biocontrol agent since 1994, also recently collected Oregon California long candidate for management U.S. In this study, we report differential gene expressions nematode-infected slugs using RNA-seq identify...